TABLE 1.
Mental Health | Substance Use | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1A | 2A | 3A | 1B | 2B | 3B | |||||||
Informal | Formal (on res.) | Formal (off res.) | Informal | Formal (on res.) | Formal (off res.) | |||||||
B | β | B | β | B | β | B | β | B | β | B | β | |
Age | − 0.003 | − 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.05 | − 0.002 | − 0.02 | 0.001 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.07+ | 0.00 | 0.003 |
Gender (female = 1) | 0.15 | 0.06* | 0.13 | 0.06+ | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.13 | 0.05+ | 0.05 | 0.002 | − 0.03 | − 0.01 |
Education | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.14 | 0.12** | 0.21 | 0.18*** | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.17 | 0.13*** | 0.19 | 0.15*** |
Employment | 0.14 | 0.07* | 0.08 | 0.04 | − 0.01 | − 0.01 | 0.15 | 0.07* | 0.02 | 0.01 | − 0.06 | − 0.03 |
Live off reservation | 0.17 | 0.05 | 0.18 | 0.06 | 0.28 | 0.09* | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.27 | 0.08* | 0.47 | 0.14*** |
Physical health status | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.02 | − 0.02 | − .01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
Social support | 0.03 | 0.13*** | 0.03 | 0.13*** | 0.02 | 0.08* | 0.04 | 0.13*** | 0.05 | 0.17*** | 0.02 | 0.09*** |
Enculturation | 0.52 | 0.49*** | − 0.05 | − 0.05 | − 0.05 | − 0.05 | 0.51 | 0.44*** | − 0.05 | − 0.05 | − 0.08 | -.07* |
Discrimination | 0.14 | 0.09** | 0.11 | 0.07+ | − 0.07 | − 0.05 | 0.19 | 0.11** | 0.17 | 0.1** | − 0.09 | − 0.06 |
Constant | 2.37 | 1.28 | 1.73 | 1.10 | 1.77 | |||||||
R2 | 0.29 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.25 | 0.06 | 0.07 | ||||||
Adjusted R2 | 0.28 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.24 | 0.05 | 0.06 |
+p < .10; *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001 (two-tail test).
Sample size across models ranges from n = 803 to n = 822 after listwise deletion.