Skip to main content
Clinical and Experimental Immunology logoLink to Clinical and Experimental Immunology
. 1972 Jan;10(1):117–126.

Cryoglobulins in vasculitis

J J Cream
PMCID: PMC1713094  PMID: 4536972

Abstract

Serum cryoglobulin levels were estimated in thirty-one patients with cutaneous vasculitis, twenty-nine patients with other skin disorders and forty-seven normal subjects. Eighteen of the normal sera contained mixed cryoglobulins—the upper limit of the normal range being 80 μg/ml. Twelve of the vasculitis patients had serum cryoglobulin levels above the normal range. All but one of these cryoglobulins were mixed cryoglobulins. A low serum C3 level was found in only one patient. The possible role of mixed cryoglobulins in the pathogenesis of vasculitis is discussed.

Full text

PDF
121

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Almeida J. D., Waterson A. P. Immune complexes in hepatitis. Lancet. 1969 Nov 8;2(7628):983–986. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(69)90540-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Ayoub E. M., Hoyer J. Anaphylactoid purpura: streptococcal antibody titers and beta1c-globulin levels. J Pediatr. 1969 Aug;75(2):193–201. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(69)80389-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. BALL J., LAWRENCE J. S. Epidemiology of the sheep cell agglutination test. Ann Rheum Dis. 1961 Sep;20:235–243. doi: 10.1136/ard.20.3.235. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. BYWATERS E. G., ISDALE I., KEMPTON J. J. Schönlein-Henoch purpura; evidence for a group A beta-haemolytic streptococcal aetiology. Q J Med. 1957 Apr;26(102):161–175. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Barnett E. V., Bluestone R., Cracchiolo A., 3rd, Goldberg L. S., Kantor G. L., McIntosh R. M. Cryoglobulinemia and disease. Ann Intern Med. 1970 Jul;73(1):95–107. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-73-1-95. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Cream J. J., Gumpel J. M., Peachey R. D. Schönlein-Henoch purpura in the adult. A study of 77 adults with anaphylactoid or Schönlein-Henoch purpura. Q J Med. 1970 Oct;39(156):461–484. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Cream J. J. Immunofluorescent studies of the skin in cryoglobulinaemic vasculitis. Br J Dermatol. 1971 Jan;84(1):48–53. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1971.tb14196.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. DIXON F. J., VAZQUEZ J. J., WEIGLE W. O., COCHRANE C. G. Pathogenesis of serum sickness. AMA Arch Pathol. 1958 Jan;65(1):18–28. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Derrick C. W., Reeves M. S., Dillon H. C., Jr Complement in overt and asymptomatic nephritis after skin infection. J Clin Invest. 1970 Jun;49(6):1178–1187. doi: 10.1172/JCI106332. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Douglas S. D., Lahav M., Fudenberg H. H. A reversible neutrophil bactericidal defect associated with a mixed cryoglobulin. Am J Med. 1970 Aug;49(2):274–280. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9343(70)80085-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Feizi T., Gitlin N. Immune-complex disease of the kidney associated with chronic hepatitis and cryoglobulinaemia. Lancet. 1969 Oct 25;2(7626):873–876. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(69)92329-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. GOTOFF S. P., FELLERS F. X., VAWTER G. F., JANEWAY C. A., ROSEN F. S. THE BETA-1C GLOBULIN IN CHILDHOOD NEPHROTIC SYNDROME: LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF PROGRESSIVE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. N Engl J Med. 1965 Sep 2;273:524–529. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196509022731004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Gewurz H., Pickering R. J., Mergenhagen S. E., Good R. A. The complement profile in acute glomerulonephritis systemic lupus erythematosus and hypocomplementemic chronic glomerulonephritis. Contrasts and experimental correlations. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1968;34(6):556–570. doi: 10.1159/000230149. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Gocke D. J., Hsu K., Morgan C., Bombardieri S., Lockshin M., Christian C. L. Association between polyarteritis and Australia antigen. Lancet. 1970 Dec 5;2(7684):1149–1153. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(70)90339-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Golde D., Epstein W. Mixed cryoglobulins and glomerulonephritis. Ann Intern Med. 1968 Dec;69(6):1221–1227. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-69-6-1221. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. HJORT P. F., RAPAPORT S. I. THE SHWARTZMAN REACTION: PATHOGENETIC MECHANISMS AND CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS. Annu Rev Med. 1965;16:135–168. doi: 10.1146/annurev.me.16.020165.001031. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Kohler P. F., Ten Bensel R. Serial complement component alterations in acute glomerulonephritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Immunol. 1969 Feb;4(2):191–202. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. LOSPALLUTO J., DORWARD B., MILLER W., Jr, ZIFF M. Cryoglobulinemia based on interaction between a gamma macroglobulin and 7S gamma globulin. Am J Med. 1962 Jan;32:142–147. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(62)90191-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. LOWRY O. H., ROSEBROUGH N. J., FARR A. L., RANDALL R. J. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem. 1951 Nov;193(1):265–275. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Matsuhashi T., Usui M., Mizuno N. Gamma A-gamma G mixed cryoglobulin. Jpn J Exp Med. 1968 Jun;38(3):205–211. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. McIntosh R. M., Kaufman D. B., Kulvinskas C., Grossman B. J. Cryoglobulins. I. Studies on the nature, incidence, and clinical significance of serum cryoproteins in glomerulonephritis. J Lab Clin Med. 1970 Apr;75(4):566–577. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Meltzer M., Franklin E. C., Elias K., McCluskey R. T., Cooper N. Cryoglobulinemia--a clinical and laboratory study. II. Cryoglobulins with rheumatoid factor activity. Am J Med. 1966 Jun;40(6):837–856. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(66)90200-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Meyers B. R., Hirschman S. Z., Sloan W. Generalized Shwartzman reaction in man after a dog bite. Consumption coagulopathy, symmetrical peripheral gangrene, and renal cortical necrosis. Ann Intern Med. 1970 Sep;73(3):433–438. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-73-3-433. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Michael A. F., Vernier R. L., Drummond K. N., Levitt J. I., Herdman R. C., Fish A. J., Good R. A. Immunosuppressive therapy of chronic renal disease. N Engl J Med. 1967 Apr 13;276(15):817–828. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196704132761501. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Parish W. E. Studies on vasculitis. I. Immunoglobulins, 1C, C-reactive protein, and bacterial antigens in cutaneous vasculitis lesions. Clin Allergy. 1971 Mar;1(1):97–109. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1971.tb02451.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Riethmüller G., Meltzer M., Franklin E., Miescher P. A. Serum complement levels in patients with mixed (IgM-IgG) cryoglobulinaemia. Clin Exp Immunol. 1966 Jul;1(3):337–339. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. SELYE H., TUCHWEBER B. EXPERIMENTAL PRODUCTION OF AN ANAPHYLACTOID PURPURA. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1965 Mar;118:680–682. doi: 10.3181/00379727-118-29936. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Soothill J. F., Hendrickse R. G. Some immunological studies of the nephrotic syndrome of Nigerian children. Lancet. 1967 Sep 23;2(7517):629–632. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(67)90681-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Stastny P., Ziff M. Cold-insoluble complexes and complement levels in systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med. 1969 Jun 19;280(25):1376–1381. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196906192802503. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Stringa S. G., Bianchi C., Casala A. M., Bianchi O. Allergic vasculitis Gougerot-Ruiter syndrome. Arch Dermatol. 1967 Jan;95(1):23–27. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. TOWNES A. S., STEWART C. R., Jr, OSLER A. G. Immunologic studies of systemic lupus erythematosus. II. Variations of nucleoprotein-reactive gamma globulin and hemolytic serum complement levels with disease activity. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp. 1963 Apr;112:202–219. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Vaughan J. H., Barnett E. V., Leadley P. J. Serum sickness. Evidence in man of antigen-antibody complexes and free light chains in the circulation during the acute reaction. Ann Intern Med. 1967 Sep;67(3):596–602. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-67-3-596. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. WEDGWOOD R. J. P., JANEWAY C. A. Serum complement in children with collagen diseases. Pediatrics. 1953 Jun;11(6):569–581. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. WEIGLE W. O., DIXON F. J. Relationship of circulating antigen-antibody complexes, antigen elimination, and complement fixation in serum sickness. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1958 Oct;99(1):226–231. doi: 10.3181/00379727-99-24304. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. WEST C. D., NORTHWAY J. D., DAVIS N. C. SERUM LEVELS OF BETA-1C GLOBULIN, A COMPLEMENT COMPONENT, IN THE NEPHRITIDES, LIPOID NEPHROSIS, AND OTHER CONDITIONS. J Clin Invest. 1964 Aug;43:1507–1517. doi: 10.1172/JCI105027. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. WILLIAMS R. C., Jr, LAW D. H., 4th Serum complement in connective tissue disorders. J Lab Clin Med. 1958 Aug;52(2):273–281. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. WINKELMANN R. K., DITTO W. B. CUTANEOUS AND VISCERAL SYNDROMES OF NECROTIZING OR "ALLERGIC" ANGIITIS: A STUDY OF 38 CASES. Medicine (Baltimore) 1964 Jan;43:59–89. doi: 10.1097/00005792-196401000-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Clinical and Experimental Immunology are provided here courtesy of British Society for Immunology

RESOURCES