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NF-κB signal transduction pathways initiated by IL-1, TNF and IL-18. Whereas TNF activates NIK via TRADD and RIP/TRAF2, IL-1 and IL-18 use IRAK/TRAF6 to activate NIK. NIK in turn activates IKKα which causes phosphorylation of IκB. Next, IκB is ubiquitinated and degraded via the proteasome pathway. Finally, NF-κB translocates into the nucleus and binds to its target DNA sequences.
