Figure 2.
Coligation of TLR4 and A2ARs increases steady state levels of VEGF mRNA. Murine peritoneal macrophages were treated with LPS (100 ng/ml), NECA (1 μM), a combination of LPS and NECA, or hypoxia for 4, 8, 12, or 16 h. At the end of the incubation period, total RNA was isolated and subjected to TaqMan real-time PCR analysis as described in Materials and Methods. VEGF mRNA levels were normalized to the corresponding levels of endogenous cyclophilin D mRNA, and data were calculated as fold expression relative to the untreated control group. Hypoxia, a known inducer of VEGF expression, served as a positive control. Results reported are means ± SD for duplicate samples from at least three independent experiments.