TABLE 1—

Hypothetical Case Examples and Descriptions

Case No.	Description
Case 1	A randomized placebo-controlled trial of chronic nighttime propanolol in individuals with mild to moderate hypertension. The primary outcome was reduction in morning blood pressure measured at 8 weeks. The study, advertised in the Washington Post, recruited individuals 18 years or older with mild to moderate hypertension and otherwise reasonable medical status. The study required 5 visits and offered $25 per visit.
Case 2	An open label treatment trial evaluating a combination of 5 or 6 chemotherapy medicines for lymphoma. Adults or children recently diagnosed with lymphoma but not yet treated were eligible. Participants were asked to have a research biopsy of their tumor. The study required 1 hospitalization and regular clinic visits.
Case 3	Investigation of serum markers predictive of disease severity or response to treatment. The study required 1 tube of blood and clinical information from patients being treated by their primary doctors for kidney disease. Patients were asked for written consent. The researchers did not plan to provide information on results to patients because the significance of their findings might not be known for years.