Table 2.

U-II and diseases

Disease	Changes in U-II/UT receptor	Species	Comments	References
Heart failure	Increased plasma U-II levels in heart failure patient	Human	Increase in U-II was attributed to cardiopulmonary production of the peptide	Ng et al. (2002), Richards et al. (2002), Russell et al. (2003), Heringlake et al. (2004)
Heart failure	Strong expression of U-II and UT receptors in the cardiomyocytes	Human	Myocardial expression of U-II correlated significantly with left ventricular end-diastolic dimension	Douglas et al. (2002)
Heart failure	No change in plasma U-II levels	Human	No difference in plasma U-II levels was found between controls and patients with congestive heart failure	Dschietzig et al. (2002), Kruger et al. (2005)
Heart failure	Significant increase in UT receptor gene expression in the heart	Rat	In vitro studies showed a growth-stimulating effect of U-II on cardiac fibroblasts and myocyte hypertrophy	Tzanidis et al. (2003)
Hypertension	Increased U-II levels in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma in hypertensive patients	Human	Blood pressure were directly related with U-II levels in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma	Thompson et al. (2003), Cheung et al. (2004)
Pulmonary hypertension	Increased U-II content and binding sites in both right and left ventricles	Rat	Increase in U-II and its receptor in the right ventricle was greater than that in the left ventricle in rats exposed to chronic hypoxia for 4 weeks	Zhang et al. (2002)
Coronary atherosclerosis	U-II-like immunoreactivity present in regions of macrophage infiltration	Human	U-II may participate in the pathogenesis of coronary atherosclerosis	Maguire et al. (2004)
Aortic atherosclerosis	Increased expression of U-II and UT receptor in atherosclerotic lesions	Human	Lymphocytes were the predominant source of U-II mRNA. However, monocytes and macrophages were the main producers of UT receptor mRNA	Bousette et al. (2004)
Restenosis of carotid artery following balloon angioplasty	Pronounced expression of U-II mRNA in myointimal cells	Rat	Treatment with the selective nonpeptidic U-II receptor antagonist SB-611812 resulted in a significant 60% reduction in intimal lesion following balloon angioplasty	Rakowski et al. (2005)
Type II diabetes mellitus	Elevate plasma immunoreactive U-II levels Increased urinary immunoreactive U-II excretion	Human	Concomitant renal failure is another independent factor associated with the increased plasma-immunoreactive U-II levels in Type II diabetic patients	Totsune et al. (2004)
Susceptibility to Type II diabetes mellitus	Single-nucleotide polymorphisms with amino-acid substitutions designated S89N in a coding region of the pre–proU-II gene	Human	Subjects with S89N in the U-II gene may be more insulin-resistant and thus more susceptible to type II diabetes mellitus development	Wenyi et al. (2003)
Diabetic nephropathy	Dramatic increase in mRNA transcripts of U-II and UT receptor in renal biopsy tissue samples	Human	Intense U-II peptide staining and U-II binding sites in diabetic tissue localized predominantly to tubular epithelial cells	Langham et al. (2004)