Groups of sera, selected as ELISA anti-dsDNA antibody positive, CLIFT negative (n = 8, A, B); anti-dsDNA antibodies positive in ELISA as well as in CLIFT (n = 12, C-E); or ANA positive, anti-ssDNA/dsDNA antibody negative sera (n = 5, F), were analysed in solution phase, biotinylated DNA ELISA (SPADE) using human, CT, E coli ssDNA/dsDNA or circular pUC18 dsDNA as antigens. Mean OD 490 (SD) for each group of sera at each serum dilution is presented for antibody binding to human dsDNA and ssDNA, and pUC18 circular and linear dsDNA (A, C, F). Correlation between CLIFT and relative pUC18 titres in all 25 sera included in these analyses is presented (E). Mean titres (SD) of anti-DNA antibodies from CLIFT negative (B) and CLIFT positive (D) sera against circular pUC18 dsDNA, human, calf thymus or E coli ssDNA/dsDNA demonstrate that in CLIFT positive sera, but not negative ones, antibodies are detected that recognise structures unique to pUC18 dsDNA (B, D).