Table 1.
Natural 13C abundance (δ13C) of fungal fruit bodies sampled in mixed temperate forests at two sites, Åheden and Stadsskogen, in Sweden
| Host | n | δ13C value | SD | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Åheden site | ||||
| Mycorrhizal species | ||||
| Boletales | ||||
| Boletaceae | ||||
| Leccinum molle (Bon) Bon | Betula | 1 | −27.6 | |
| Leccinum scabrum (Bull. Ex Fr.) S.F. Gray | Betula | 4 | −27.5 | 0.4 |
| Leccinum variicolor Watl. | Betula | 4 | −27.6 | 0.8 |
| Leccinum versipelle (Fr.) Snell | Betula | 4 | −27.5 | 0.6 |
| Suillus variegatus (Swartz ex Fr.) O. Kuntze | Pinus | 6 | −25.0 | 0.4 |
| Gomphidiaceae | ||||
| Chroogomphus rutilus (Schff. ex Fr.) O.K. Miller | Pinus | 4 | −26.0 | 0.6 |
| Tricholomataceae | ||||
| Tricholoma flavovirens (Pers. ex Fr.) | Promiscuous | 4 | −25.4 | 0.8 |
| Tricholoma virgatum (Fr.:Fr.) Kumm. | Promiscuous | 1 | −25.2 | |
| Laccaria bicolor (Maire) Orton | Promiscuous | 2 | −25.3 | 0.6 |
| Amanitaceae | ||||
| Amanita muscaria (L.) Hook | Promiscuous | 5 | −26.6 | 1.0 |
| Cortinariaceae | ||||
| Cortinarius armeniacus (Schaeff.:Fr.) Fr. | Conifers | 5 | −24.5 | 0.6 |
| Cortinarius armillatus (Fr.) Fr. | Betula | 5 | −26.9 | 1.3 |
| Cortinarius bataillei (Moser) Hiøland | Conifers | 1 | −25.3 | |
| Cortinarius biformis Fr. | Conifers | 4 | −25.2 | 0.6 |
| Cortinarius camphoratus (Fr.:Fr.) Fr. | Conifers | 1 | −25.6 | |
| Cortinarius evernuis (Fr.:Fr.) Fr. | Picea | 1 | −24.8 | |
| Cortinarius hemitrichus (Pers.:Fr.) Fr. | Betula | 1 | −27.8 | |
| Cortinarius laniger Fr. | Picea | 6 | −26.4 | 1.7 |
| Cortinarius malachius Fr. | Conifers | 2 | −24.8 | 0.2 |
| Cortinarius pholideus (Fr.:Fr.) Fr. | Betula | 6 | −27.6 | 1.0 |
| Cortinarius scaurus (Fr.:Fr.) Fr. | Promiscuous | 1 | −25.2 | |
| Cortinarius semisanguineus (Fr.) Gill. | Conifers | 3 | −24.9 | 0.7 |
| Cortinarius strobilaceus Mos. | Conifers | 1 | −27.0 | |
| Cortinarius traganus Fr. | (Pinus) | 2 | −25.2 | 0.5 |
| Rozites caperata (Pers. ex Fr.) Karst. | Promiscuous | 4 | −25.8 | 0.4 |
| Russulales | ||||
| Russulaceae | ||||
| Lactarius rufus (Scop.) Fr. | Promiscuous | 6 | −24.9 | 0.7 |
| Russula paludosa Britz. | Conifers | 1 | −25.0 | |
| Aphyllophorales | ||||
| Thelphoraceae | ||||
| Phelloden tomentosa (L.:Fr.) Baker | Promiscuous | 1 | −24.1 | |
| Saprophytic species | ||||
| Boletales | ||||
| Boletaceae | ||||
| Chalciporus piperatus (Bull. ex Fr.) Bat. | na | 1 | −22.3 | |
| Tricholomataceae | ||||
| Armillaria borealis Marx. & K. Korh. | na | 2 | −23.8 | 0.1 |
| Strophariaceae | ||||
| Stropharia hornemanii (Fr.:Fr.) Lund. | na | 1 | −23.1 | |
| Cortinariaceae | ||||
| Gymnopilus penetrans (Fr.) Murr. | 1 | −22.4 | ||
| Aphyllophorales | ||||
| Polyporaceae | ||||
| Trametes hirsuta (Wulfen:Fr.) Pil. | na | 1 | −24.0 | |
| Stadsskogen site | ||||
| Mycorrhizal species | ||||
| Boletales | ||||
| Boletaceae | ||||
| Boletus edulis Bull. ex Fr. | Promiscuous | 5 | −24.6 | 0.5 |
| Boletus pinophilus Pil. & Dermek | Pinus | 1 | −24.7 | |
| Leccinum aurantiacum (Bull. ex St. Am.) S.F. Gray | Populus | 3 | −27.3 | 0.9 |
| Leccinum holopus (Rostk.) Watl. | Betula | 1 | −29.2 | |
| Leccinum scabrum (Bull. ex Fr.) S.F. Gray | Betula | 6 | −26.4 | 1.9 |
| Leccinum variicolor Watl. | Betula | 1 | −26.1 | |
| Leccinum versipelle (Fr.) Snell | Betula | 2 | −27.1 | 1.1 |
| Leccinum vulpinum Watl. | Pinus | 5 | −25.0 | 0.7 |
| Suillus bovinus (L.) Kuntze | Pinus | 6 | −25.2 | 0.5 |
| Suillus luteus (L. ex Fr.) S.F. Gray | Pinus | 6 | −24.6 | 0.4 |
| Suillus variegatus (Swartz ex Fr.) O. Kuntze | Pinus | 7 | −24.3 | 0.9 |
| Tylopilus felleus (Bull.:Fr.) Karst. | Promiscuous | 5 | −25.0 | 0.5 |
| Xerocomus badius (Fr.:Fr.) Gilb. | Promiscuous | 4 | −25.3 | 0.8 |
| Xerocomus lanatus (Rostk.) Gilb. | Promiscuous | 1 | −25.9 | |
| Gomphidiaceae | ||||
| Chroogomphus rutilus (Schff. ex Fr.) O.K. Miller | Pinus | 6 | −25.3 | 0.7 |
| Gomphidius glutinosus (Schff.) Fr. | Picea | 3 | −26.4 | 0.6 |
| Gomphidius roseus L.:Fr. | Pinus | 5 | −24.9 | 0.7 |
| Paxillaceae | ||||
| Paxillus involutus (Batsch) Fr. | Promiscuous | 3 | −26.6 | 0.4 |
| Rhizopogonaceae | ||||
| Rhizopogon obtextus (Spreng) S. Rauschert | Pinus | 2 | −25.0 | 0.2 |
| Agaricales | ||||
| Hygrophoraceae | ||||
| Hygrophorus agathosmus (Fr.) Fr. | Picea | 1 | −28.1 | |
| Hygrophorus camarophyllus (Alb. & Schw.:Fr.), Dumée et al. | Conifers | 5 | −24.6 | 1.4 |
| Hygrophorus olivaceoalbus (Fr. ex Fr.) Fr. | Picea | 5 | −26.0 | 1.1 |
| Tricholomataceae | ||||
| Laccaria laccata (Scop. ex Fr.) Bk. & Br. | Promiscuous | 3 | −25.3 | 1.0 |
| Tricholoma flavovirens (Pers. ex Fr.) | Promiscuous | 2 | −26.1 | 0.8 |
| Tricholoma fracticum (Britz.) Kreisel | Pinus | 1 | −24.3 | |
| Tricholoma fucatum (Fr.) Kummer | Conifers | 2 | −25.8 | 0.6 |
| Tricholoma fulvum (DC:Fr.) Sacc. | Betula | 5 | −26.6 | 0.6 |
| Tricholoma vaccinum (Pers.:Fr) Kumm. | Picea | 1 | −26.9 | |
| Tricholoma virgatum (Fr.:Fr.) Kumm. | Promiscuous | 2 | −24.3 | 0.2 |
| Amanitaceae | ||||
| Amanita fulva (Sch:Fr) Fr. | (Betula) | 6 | −26.3 | 1.1 |
| Amanita muscaria (L.) Hook | Promiscuous | 4 | −26.3 | 0.7 |
| Amanita porphyria (Alb & Schw:Fr) Mlady | Conifers | 8 | −24.8 | 0.7 |
| Amanita rubescens (Pers:Fr.) SF Gray | Promiscuous | 5 | −25.3 | 0.5 |
| Amanita virosa (Kamarck) Bertillon | Promiscuous | 7 | −25.1 | 0.9 |
| Cortinariaceae | ||||
| Cortinarius albo-violaceus (Pers:Fr.) Fr. | Betula | 1 | −28.4 | |
| Cortinarius armeniacus (Schaeff.: Fr.) Fr. | Conifers | 1 | −25.1 | |
| Cortinarius armillatus (Fr.) Fr. | Betula | 3 | −27.5 | 0.9 |
| Cortinarius bolaris (Pers:Fr.) Fr. | (Betula) | 3 | −27.0 | 0.8 |
| Cortinarius brunneus Fr. | (Conifers) | 2 | −26.1 | 0.2 |
| Cortinarius camphoratus (Fr.:Fr.) Fr. | Conifers | 1 | −23.7 | |
| Cortinarius crocea (Schff.) Big. & Guill. | Promiscuous | 1 | −29.2 | |
| Cortinarius gentilis (Fr.) Fr. | (Picea) | 4 | −25.6 | 0.6 |
| Cortinarius laniger Fr. | (Picea) | 2 | −25.9 | 1.5 |
| Cortinarius limonius (Fr. ex Fr.) Fr. | Conifers | 2 | −25.9 | 2.6 |
| Cortinarius malachius Fr. | Conifers | 3 | −25.5 | 1.4 |
| Cortinarius muscigenus Peck | Picea | 3 | −26.1 | 0.8 |
| Cortinarius paleaceus (Weinm.) Fr. | Conifers | 7 | −25.7 | 1.3 |
| Cortinarius pholideus (Fr.:Fr.) Fr. | Betula | 1 | −26.3 | |
| Cortinarius semisanguineus (Fr.) Gill. | Conifers | 7 | −25.2 | 0.3 |
| Cortinarius speciosissimus Kühner & Rom. | Conifers | 1 | −25.8 | |
| Cortinarius stillatitius Fr. | Conifers | 3 | −24.2 | 1.1 |
| Cortinarius strobilaceus Mos. | Conifers | 3 | −25.5 | 0.8 |
| Cortinarius traganus Fr. | (Pinus) | 2 | −25.6 | 1.4 |
| Cortinarius uliginosus Berk. | Salix | 3 | −28.0 | 1.3 |
| Cortinarius vibratilis (Fr.:Fr.) Fr. | Conifers | 7 | −25.1 | 1.1 |
| Hebeloma crustuliniforme (Bull:Fr.) Quél. | Promiscuous | 4 | −27.1 | 2.1 |
| Hebeloma mesophaeum (Pers) Quél. | Promiscuous | 2 | −26.8 | 0.5 |
| Inocybe acuta Boud. | Promiscuous | 1 | −26.2 | |
| Inocybe cincinnata (Fr.) Quél. | Promiscuous | 1 | −26.5 | |
| Inocybe friesii Heim. | Conifers | 1 | −27.0 | |
| Inocybe geophylla (Sow. ex Fr.) Kummer | Promiscuous | 3 | −25.0 | 0.5 |
| Inocybe pseudodestricta Stangl. & Veselsky | Promiscuous | 1 | −26.5 | |
| Inocybe tigrina Heim | Conifers | 1 | −26.9 | |
| Rozites caperata (Pers. ex Fr.) Karst. | Promiscuous | 5 | −24.7 | 0.7 |
| Russulales | ||||
| Russulaceae | ||||
| Lactarius badiosanguinea Kuehn. & Rom. | Picea | 2 | −26.2 | 0.0 |
| Lactarius camphoratus (Bull.) ex Fr. | Promiscuous | 5 | −26.8 | 0.8 |
| Lactarius deliciosus Fr. | Pinus | 6 | −24.9 | 0.6 |
| Lactarius deterrimus Groeger | Picea | 8 | −26.6 | 0.8 |
| Lactarius fuliginosus Fr. | Betula | 2 | −24.9 | 0.4 |
| Lactarius glyciosmus Fr. | Betula | 4 | −27.0 | 0.5 |
| Lactarius helvus Fr. | Promiscuous | 4 | −23.8 | 0.4 |
| Lactarius mitissimus Fr. | Promiscuous | 1 | −25.1 | |
| Lactarius musteus Fr. | Pinus | 1 | −24.9 | |
| Lactarius necator (Bull. em Pers. ex Fr.) Karst. | Promiscuous | 5 | −26.0 | 1.1 |
| Lactarius obscuratus (Lasch) Fr. | Alnus | 3 | −27.1 | 0.6 |
| Lactarius repraesentaneus Britz. | Promiscuous | 1 | −26.5 | |
| Lactarius rufus (Scop.) Fr. | Promiscuous | 3 | −25.3 | 0.5 |
| Lactarius scrobiculatus (Scop. ex Fr.) Fr. | Picea | 2 | −27.3 | 0.6 |
| Lactarius theiogalus (Bull:Fr.) SF Gray | Promiscuous | 3 | −27.1 | 0.8 |
| Lactarius torminosus (Schff. ex Fr.) S.F. Gray | Betula | 3 | −25.8 | 1.4 |
| Lactarius trivialis Fr. | Promiscuous | 1 | −23.5 | |
| Lactarius uvidus Fr. | Betula (Salix) | 2 | −26.0 | 0.2 |
| Lactarius vietus Fr. | Betula (Salix) | 5 | −26.2 | 0.7 |
| Russula atrorubens Quél. | Conifers | 5 | −25.5 | 0.7 |
| Russula betularum Hora | Betula | 1 | −25.1 | |
| Russula coerulea Fr. | Pinus | 2 | −24.1 | 0.3 |
| Russula decolorans Fr. | Conifers | 5 | −25.4 | 0.3 |
| Russula emetica Fr. | Pinus (Picea) | 2 | −24.9 | 0.0 |
| Russula foetens Fr. | Promiscuous | 1 | −24.8 | |
| Russula gracillima Schaeff. | Betula | 1 | −27.7 | |
| Russula griseascens (Bon & Gaugué) L. Marti | Conifers | 1 | −26.4 | |
| Russula integra L. ex Fr. | (Picea) | 1 | −25.4 | |
| Russula paludosa Britz. | Conifers | 2 | −25.2 | 0.4 |
| Russula puellaris Fr. | Promiscuous | 1 | −25.5 | |
| Russula queletii Fr. | Picea | 1 | −27.5 | |
| Russula rhodopoda Zv. | Picea | 1 | −26.0 | |
| Russula sanguinea (Bull. ex St. am.) Fr. | Pinus (Picea) | 3 | −24.5 | 0.4 |
| Russula sardonia Fr. ex Rom. | Pinus | 2 | −26.3 | 1.7 |
| Russula vinosa Lindbl. | Conifers | 2 | −25.3 | 0.4 |
| Russula xerampelina (Schff. ex Secr.) Fr. | Pinus (Picea) | 1 | −26.3 | |
| Aphyllophorales | ||||
| Polyporaceae | ||||
| Albatrellus ovinus (Fr.) Kotl. & Pouz. | Conifers | 2 | −25.9 | 0.8 |
| Thelephoraceae | ||||
| Hydnellum ferrugineum (Fr.:Fr.) Karst. | Conifers | 2 | −22.5 | 0.5 |
| Hydnellum peckii Banker apud Peck | Conifers | 1 | −23.3 | |
| Phelloden niger (Fr.:Fr.) Karst. | Promiscuous | 1 | −22.7 | |
| Hydnaceae | ||||
| Hydnum repandum L.:Fr. | Promiscuous | 3 | −25.4 | 0.5 |
| Hydnum rufescens Fr. | Promiscuous | 6 | −25.4 | 1.3 |
| Cantharellaceae | ||||
| Cantharellus cibarius Fr. | Promiscuous | 3 | −26.3 | 0.3 |
| Cantharellus lutescens Fr. | Picea & Betula | 2 | −25.0 | 0.0 |
| Cantharellus tubaeformis Fr. | (Picea) | 4 | −25.2 | 0.6 |
| Saprophytic species | ||||
| Boletales | ||||
| Boletaceae | ||||
| Chalciporus piperatus (Bull. ex Fr.) Bat. | na | 2 | −22.0 | 0.9 |
| Agaricales | ||||
| Paxillaceae | ||||
| Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca (Wulf.:Fr.) Mre. | na | 2 | −21.6 | 1.1 |
| Paxillus atromentarius (Batsch: Fr.) Fr. | na | 1 | −23.0 | |
| Agaricales | ||||
| Tricholomataceae | ||||
| Clitocybe clavipes (Pers. ex Fr.) Kummer | na | 3 | −25.6 | 1.1 |
| Mycena pura (Pers. ex Fr.) Kummer | na | 1 | −22.9 | |
| Mycena rosella (Fr.) Kummer | na | 1 | −23.3 | |
| Entolomataceae | ||||
| Clitopilus prunulus (Scop. ex Fr.) Kummer | na | 2 | −22.9 | 0.1 |
| Entoloma nitidum Quél. | na | 3 | −23.5 | 0.4 |
| Rhodocybe nitellina (Fr.) Sing. | na | 1 | −20.8 | |
| Agaricaceae | ||||
| Agaricus haemorrhoideus Kalchbr. & Schulz. | na | 2 | −22.0 | 0.4 |
| Cystoderma carcharias (Pers. ex Secr.) Fay. | na | 1 | −23.8 | |
| Cortinariaceae | ||||
| Gymnopilus spectabilis (Fr.) Sing. | na | 2 | −24.0 | 3.1 |
| Aphyllophorales | ||||
| Auriscalpiaceae | ||||
| Auriscalpium vulgare S.F. Gray | na | 2 | −22.2 | 0.8 |
| Lycoperdaceae | ||||
| Lycoperdon foetidum Bonord. | na | 1 | −24.5 | |