Table 2.

Behavioural definitions

Category	Definition	Classification
Instantaneous samples
Resting	Focal animal still, with eyes opened or closed but without scanning surroundings
Scanning	Focal animal still, moving head side to side as if monitoring surroundings
Grooming	Focal animal picking through fur of another animal with hands or mouth
Being groomed	Animal picking through focal animal’s fur with hands or mouth
Autogrooming	Focal animal picking through its own fur with hands or mouth
Eating gum	Focal animal gouging holes or licking at gum holes or moving from hole to hole at a gum tree
Foraging	Focal animal looking for, pursuing or eating animal food (insects, arachnids or vertebrates) or eating or looking for fruit or other plant parts (except gum)
Travelling	Focal animal moving
Other	None of the above categories
Agonistic behaviour
Chase/lunge	Throwing the body towards another individual/pursuing partner aggressively, without contact aggression	A
Hit	Cuff or grab the fur of another individual with hand	A
Bite	Normal usage	A
Ehr-ehr vocalizations	Low-pitched, staccato chattering (Epple 1968)	A
Cower	Sinking down to substrate and moving the body away from another individual (Digby 1995)	S
Submissive vocalizations	String of vocalizations that included nga-nga (low-pitched, atonal, infantile squeal; Epple 1968)	S
Avoid	Quick movement around or under a branch or trunk in response to another animal’s approach (Digby 1995)	S

A: aggressive; S: submissive.