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Absolute UAE and relative number of cumulative UAE in P. abies twigs fully saturated or dehydrated to a ψ of −2.8 MPa and subjected to five freeze-thaw cycles. Twigs at −2.8 MPa were exposed to cooling rates of 23.7, 11.7, 6.7, and 3.4 Kh−1. For the calculation of relative cumulative UAE, the number of absolute cumulative UAE after five temperature cycles was set as 100%. For the standard experiment (11.7 Kh−1 cooling rate; n = 4) and for saturated twigs (n = 3), mean ± se are given.
