Table 1.
Arsenic concentration and speciation in cooked and uncooked rice from market surveys and greenhouse studies (mean ± SD).
| Rice variety | Source | Total As (μg As/kg) | Organic As (%) | Inorganic As (%) | As extraction efficiency (%) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Uncooked rice–market bought | ||||||
| Parija | Bangladesh | 210 ± 20 | 24 ± 0 | 59 ± 1 | 83 ± 1 | Williams et al. 2005 |
| Miniket | Bangladesh | 220 ± 10 | 16 ± 0 | 86 ± 4 | 103 ± 4 | Williams et al. 2005 |
| BRRIdhan29 | Bangladesh | 300 ± 10 | 11 ± 2 | 71 ± 0 | 82 ± 2 | Williams et al. 2005 |
| White | Taiwan | 760 | 14 | 67 | 81 | Schoof et al. 1998 |
| Long White | USA | 400 ± 10 | 65 ± 1 | 20 ± 1 | 85 ± 0 | Williams et al. 2005 |
| Long Brown | USA | 340 ± 20 | 45 ± 11 | 41 ± 5 | 86 ± 16 | Williams et al. 2005 |
| Basmati White | India | 50 ± 0 | 23 ± 4 | 65 ± 1 | 88 ± 5 | Williams et al. 2005 |
| Basmati White | India | 32 ± 3 | 0 | 100 | 81 | This study |
| Basmati Brown | India | 70 ± 10 | 6 ± 3 | 61 ± 4 | 67 ± 8 | Williams et al. 2005 |
| Medium Risotto | Italy | 220 ± 10 | 38 ± 1 | 65 ± 1 | 103 ± 2 | Williams et al. 2005 |
| Arborio | Italy | 211 ± 7 | 31 ± 3 | 66 ± 5 | D’Amato et al. 2004 | |
| Paella | Spain | 170 ± 10 | 30 ± 5 | 48 ± 2 | 78 ± 3 | Williams et al. 2005 |
| Long Jasmine | Thailand | 110 ± 10 | 24 ± 6 | 74 ± 1 | 98 ± 7 | Williams et al. 2005 |
| Ground | Europe | 200 ± 10 | 28 ± 2 | 51 ± 3 | 79 ± 4 | Williams et al. 2005 |
| Long Wild Rice | Canada | 110 | 8 | 76 | 84 | Heitkemper et al. 2001 |
| Long White | Australia | 189 ± 18 | ND | ND | ND | This study |
| Not specified | 410 | 6 | 88 | 94 | Kohlmeyer et al. 2003 | |
| Uncooked rice–greenhouse grown | ||||||
| Quest | Australia | 1,250 ± 230 | 86 ± 2 | 14 ± 2 | 100 ± 4 | This study |
| Cooked rice–market boughta | ||||||
| Instant White | USA | 305 | 89 ± 4 | 10 ± 1 | 99 ± 4 | Ackerman et al. 2005 |
| Instant Whiteb | USA | 345 | 78 ± 2 | 17 ± 1 | 95 ± 3 | Ackerman et al. 2005 |
| Long White | USA | 236 | 62 ± 1 | 35 ± 3 | 97 ± 4 | Ackerman et al. 2005 |
| Long Whiteb | USA | 310 | 50 ± 3 | 46 ± 2 | 96 ± 4 | Ackerman et al. 2005 |
| Not specified | 150 | 29 | 75 | 104 | Kohlmeyer et al. 2003 | |
| Basmati Whitec | India | 1,000 | 0 | 100 | 100 | This study |
| Cooked rice–greenhouse grown | ||||||
| Quest | Australia | 480 | 86 ± 2 | 14 ± 2 | 100 ± 4 | This study |
ND, not determined.
a
Cooked rice prepared with water:rice ratios of 1:1 to 4:1 (v/v) depending on variety.
b
Rice cooked with water containing 21.9 μg AsV/L.
c
Rice cooked with water containing 1,000 μg AsV/L.