Fig. 3.

The gut microbiota suppresses AMPK activity in liver. (A) Immunoblotting of protein lysates from liver samples obtained from 15-week-old GF or conventionalized male mice fed a Western diet for 5 weeks before they were killed. Representative results from two mice per group are shown. (B) Quantification of the results shown in A (n = 4 per group). Data are expressed relative to actin. Effects of the gut microbiota on glycogen levels (C) and glycogen synthase activity (D) in freeze-clamped livers (n = 5 per group). ∗∗, P < 0.01 compared with GF; and ∗∗∗, P < 0.001.