. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2007 Mar 1.

Published in final edited form as: Addict Behav. 2006 Jul 13;32(3):562–575. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.05.022

Table 3.

Substance use and substance-related problems as a function of source of nonmedical prescription opioids

Source	Binge drinking in the past 2 weeks		CAGE (+ screen) in the past year ^a		Marijuana and other illicit drug use in the past month ^b		DAST-10 (+ screen) in the past year ^c
	%	AOR ^d (95% CI)	%	AOR ^d (95% CI)	%	AOR ^d (95% CI)	%	AOR ^d (95% CI)
No nonmedical use (n=3859)	50.2	Ref	18.3	Ref	16.1	Ref	5.7	Ref
Parent only (n=126)	45.2	0.7 (0.46–1.06)	16.7	0.8 (0.51–1.39)	17.5	1.0 (0.63–1.72)	7.9	1.3 (0.65–2.68)
Peer only (n=259)	82.6	4.4 (3.12–6.32)^***	34.7	2.3 (1.67–3.05)^***	52.7	5.7 (4.23–7.59)^***	38.5	9.9 (7.20–13.68)^***
Other sources (n=253)	68.7	2.1 (1.58–2.87)^***	32.1	2.1 (1.55–2.83)^***	51.2	5.6 (4.20–7.53)^***	39.7	11.3 (8.18–15.54)^***

Ref=Reference group for each model was respondents who did not report nonmedical use of prescription opioids.

^***

p<0.001.

A cutpoint score of two or more was used for the CAGE.

Consisted of any use of the following drugs in the past month: marijuana, cocaine, LSD, other psychedelics, ecstasy, inhalants, heroin or crystal methamphetamines.

A cutpoint score of three or more was used for the DAST-10.

Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) are adjusted for gender, race/ethnicity, class year and living arrangement (odds ratios for these variables are not shown).