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Schematic model of receptor activator of nuclear factor (NF)-κB ligand (RANKL) and tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) signalling during osteoclastogenesis and inflammation induced bone loss. X, a pathway other than IκB kinase (IKK)/NF-κB that is activated by RANKL binding to RANK and is essential for production of functional osteoclasts. IKKα function in RANK signalling is dispensable. TNFR1, TNF receptor 1.
