Table 1.
Cardiac conditions associated with HIV infection
| Myocardial disease | ||
| Opportunistic infections | ||
| Bacterial | ||
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare | ||
| Fungal | ||
| Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidiodes immitus | ||
| Protozoan | ||
| Toxoplasma gondii, Pneumocystis carinii | ||
| Viral | ||
| Cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex, coxsackie B virus | ||
| Direct HIV infection | ||
| Lymphocytic myocarditis | ||
| Non-inflammatory myocardial necrosis | ||
| Microvascular spasm | ||
| Cathecholamine excess | ||
| Nutritional deficiency (selenium, thiamine) | ||
| Hypoxic injury | ||
| Drug toxicity | ||
| Anti-HIV drugs | ||
| Drugs used for opportunistic infections | ||
| Arteriopathy | ||
| Cardiomegaly and cardiomyopathy | ||
| Congestive cardiomyopathy | ||
| Right ventricular hypertrophy/dilatation with pulmonary hypertension: | ||
| pulmonary infection | ||
| pulmonary emboli | ||
| HIV plexogenic pulmonary arteriopathy | ||
| Neoplasia | ||
| Kaposi’s sarcoma | ||
| Lymphoma | ||
| Endocardial disease | ||
| Marantic endocarditis (non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis) | ||
| Healed infective endocarditis | ||
| Infective endocarditis | ||
| Bacterial | ||
| Fungal | ||
| Pericardial disease | ||
| Infectious | ||
| Bacterial | ||
| Tuberculosis (M tuberculosis, M avium-intracellulare), Nocardia asteroides, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus | ||
| Viral | ||
| Herpes simplex, HIV, coxsackie, cytomegalovirus | ||
| Fungal | ||
| Histoplasma, cryptococcus | ||
| Uraemia | ||
| Neoplastic | ||
| Kaposi’s sarcoma | ||
| Lymphoma | ||
| Fibrinous pericarditis | ||
| Idiopathic | ||
| Vascular lesions | ||
| Fibrocalcific degenerative arteriopathy | ||
| Vasculitis, perivasculitis | ||
| Aneurysms | ||
| Atherosclerotic lesions | ||
The infecting organisms listed here are not exhaustive and are examples only.
HIV, human immunodeficiency virus.
Adapted with permission from Arshad et al.3