Table 1.
Age adjusted prevalence of coronary heart disease and age adjusted means and prevalences of coronary heart disease risk factors by quarters of mean monthly outdoor air temperature for month of birth
| Average monthly outdoor temperature at birth quarters | p Trend | ||||
| −2.0 to 5.4°C (n = 1031) | 5.5 to 8.9°C (n = 1040) | 9.0 to 13.3°C (n = 1005) | 13.4 to 19.7°C (n = 1015) | ||
| CHD (%) | 18.1 (15.8 to 20.6) | 15.8 (13.7 to 18.2) | 14.3 (12.3 to 16.6) | 14.8 (12.7 to 17.1) | 0.03 |
| Metabolic risk factors | |||||
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 146.9 (145.4 to 148.4) | 147.6 (146.1 to 149.2) | 147.4 (145.9 to 149.0) | 147.4 (145.8 to 149.0) | 0.70 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 79.2 (78.5 to 80.0) | 79.3 (78.5 to 80.0) | 79.5 (78.8 to 80.3) | 79.6 (78.9 to 80.4) | 0.39 |
| LDLC (mmol/l) | 4.07 (4.00 to 4.14) | 4.19 (4.11 to 4.26) | 4.22 (4.14 to 4.29) | 4.11 (4.04 to 4.18) | 0.36 |
| HDLC (mmol/l) | 1.65 (1.62 to 1.68) | 1.65 (1.62 to 1.68) | 1.66 (1.63 to 1.69) | 1.65 (1.62 to 1.68) | 0.81 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l)* | 1.70 (1.65 to 1.75) | 1.69 (1.64 to 1.74) | 1.67 (1.62 to 1.72) | 1.64 (1.59 to 1.69) | 0.06 |
| Insulin resistance (HOMA score)* | 1.72 (1.64 to 1.79) | 1.68 (1.61 to 1.76) | 1.68 (1.60 to 1.76) | 1.60 (1.53 to 1.67) | 0.04 |
| Diabetes (%) | 7.1 (5.6 to 8.9) | 7.4 (5.9 to 9.2) | 7.0 (5.5 to 8.7) | 6.7 (5.5 to 8.8) | 0.68 |
| Anthropometric measures | |||||
| Birth weight (kg) | 3.22 (3.13 to 3.30) | 3.32 (3.24 to 3.40) | 3.31 (3.24 to 3.40) | 3.34 (3.25 to 3.42) | 0.07 |
| Offspring birth weight (kg) | 3.25 (3.22 to 3.29) | 3.25 (3.22 to 3.29) | 3.24 (3.20 to 3.28) | 3.22 (3.18 to 3.26) | 0.19 |
| Weight (kg) | 69.6 (68.8 to 70.4) | 69.6 (68.8 to 70.4) | 69.5 (68.6 to 70.3) | 69.3 (68.5 to 70.2) | 0.61 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.7 (27.3 to 28.0) | 27.5 (27.2 to 27.8) | 27.6 (27.3 to 27.9) | 27.6 (27.2 to 28.9) | 0.68 |
| Obese (BMI >30 kg/m2) (%) | 27.7 (25.0 to 30.7) | 26.1 (23.4 to 29.0) | 24.9 (22.2 to 27.8) | 27.1 (24.3 to 30.0) | 0.62 |
| Waist–hip ratio | 0.820 (0.816 to 0.825) | 0.818 (0.814 to 0.822) | 0.822 (0.818 to 0.826) | 0.815 (0.810 to 0.819) | 0.13 |
| Height (m) | 1.583 (1.580 to 1.588) | 1.590 (1.586 to 1.594) | 1.587 (1.582 to 1.591) | 1.585 (1.580 to 1.589) | 0.90 |
| Leg length (m) | 0.756 (0.754 to 0.759) | 0.760 (0.757 to 0.762) | 0.757 (0.754 to 0.759) | 0.756 (0.753 to 0.759) | 0.88 |
| Trunk length (m) | 0.830 (0.828 to 0.832) | 0.831 (0.829 to 0.833) | 0.830 (0.828 to 0.833) | 0.831 (0.828 to 0.832) | 0.91 |
| Smoking and lung function | |||||
| Ever smoked (%) | 43.8 (40.9 to 46.7) | 42.9 (39.8 to 46.0) | 44.2 (41.2 to 47.3) | 46.9 (43.9 to 49.8) | 0.14 |
| Current smoker (%) | 11.2 (9.5 to 13.4) | 11.5 (10.0 to 13.5) | 12.2 (10.3 to 14.3) | 10.6 (8.8 to 12.7) | 0.78 |
| FEV1 (l) | 1.95 (1.92 to 1.98) | 1.98 (1.95 to 2.01) | 1.96 (1.93 to 2.00) | 2.00 (1.97 to 2.03) | 0.10 |
| Social class and education | |||||
| Adult manual social class (%) | 52.4 (49.1 to 55.6) | 50.9 (47.7 to 54.2) | 50.9 (47.6, 54.1) | 52.9 (49.6, 54.1) | 0.63 |
| Childhood manual social class (%) | 79.3 (76.5 to 81.8) | 77.7 (74.8 to 80.3) | 75.1 (721 to 77.9) | 78.2 (75.4 to 80.8) | 0.46 |
| Age at completion of full time education (years) | 15.5 (15.3 to 15.8) | 15.6 (15.4 to 15.8) | 15.8 (15.4 to 15.8) | 15.8 (15.6 to 16.1) | 0.04 |
Values are mean (95% confidence interval).
*Geometric mean.
BMI, body mass index; CHD, coronary heart disease; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in one second; HDLC, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; LDLC, low density lipoprotein cholesterol.