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Risk factors for cervical cancer among human papillomavirus positive women*
| Risk factor | Risk exposure | Ref |
| HPV DNA in cervial exfoliates | Positive for high risk types | Negative |
| Use of oral contraceptives | 5 or more years of use | Never |
| Smoking | Ever | Never |
| Parity | 5 or more pregnancies | None or 1–2 |
*References adapted from the results of the IARC multicentre study.23
