Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses of 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) in pathological specimens. (A) Primer sets used for the amplification of nocardial 16S rDNA. The Sac I restriction site in 16S rDNA from non-nocardial actinomycetes is indicated by the arrow head. The sequence is based on Nocardia asteroides 16S rDNA (GenBank ×80606). (B) PCR amplification with the NG1 and NG2 primers. (C) PCR amplification with the NF and NR primers. M, marker; NC, no template control; Ct, control case; Ct + Sac I, digested with Sac I; Pt, the current patient; Pt + Sac I, digested with Sac I. The white arrowhead indicates the product not digested by Sac I.