Prognostic value of Bax, Bcl-2, p53, and TUNEL staining in patients with radically resected ampullary carcinoma

Abstract

Background: There is a lack of data in the literature concerning the identification of potential prognostic factors in ampullary adenocarcinoma.

Aims: To examine the prognostic significance of Bax, Bcl-2, and p53 protein expression and the apoptotic index in a large cohort of uniformly treated patients with radically resected ampullary cancer.

Methods: All patients with a pathological diagnosis of ampullary cancer and radical resection were evaluated. Expression analysis for p53, Bax, and Bcl-2 was performed by immunohistochemistry. Apoptotic cells were identified by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL).

Results: Thirty nine tumour specimens from patients with radically resected ampullary adenocarcinoma were studied. A positive significant correlation between Bax and p53 expression was found by rank correlation matrix (p < 0.001). A trend towards a positive correlation was found between the apoptotic index and p53 expression (p  =  0.059). By univariate analysis, overall survival was influenced by Bax expression, p53 expression, and TUNEL staining (p  =  0.001, p  =  0.01, and p  =  0.03, respectively). Bcl-2 expression did not influence overall survival in these patients (p  =  0.55). By multivariate Cox regression analysis, the only immunohistochemical parameter that influenced overall survival was Bax expression (p  =  0.020).

Conclusions: These results provide evidence that apoptosis may be an important prognostic factor in patients with radically resected ampullary cancer. This study is the first to assess the clinical usefulness of Bax expression in radically resected ampullary cancer.

Primary carcinomas of the extrahepatic biliary system (comprising extrahepatic bile ducts, gall bladder, and ampulla of Vater) are important health problems worldwide, and their management presents great challenges to the hepatobiliary specialist. Carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater is a relatively uncommon tumour, which accounts for approximately 6–7% of periampullary tumours and 0.2% of gastrointestinal tract malignancies,¹ with age standardised incidence rates of 3.8/1000 000 for men and 2.7/1000 000 for women.² Incidence rates have increased over time in men from 1.9 during the period 1976–1980 to 5.9 during the period 1991–1995, whereas in women they have remained stable.² Five year relative survival rates vary from 72.8% in TNM stage I cancers to 6.6% in TNM stage IV cancers, and most studies report five year survival rates of 30–50% in resected patients.^3–5 The overall rates of resection range between 48.1% and 82.1%.^2,5 Operative mortality rates range from 1.5% to 25%, and studies since 1990 have reported mortality rates below 8%.^2,6–8

“There is a need for a better understanding of the biology of ampullary adenocarcinoma and for the identification of potential prognostic factors and clinically relevant molecular targets for treatment”

The prognosis for patients with tumours of the ampulla of Vater is better than for other periampullary tumours. The identification of independent prognostic factors in ampullary tumours has been limited by the small numbers of tumours and a lack of pathological review. In a survey from the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, USA, factors significantly correlated with improved survival were resection (p < 0.01), and in resected tumours, negative nodes (p  =  0.04) and negative margins (p  =  0.02) independently predicted improved survival.⁵ In that study, when margins, differentiation, and nodal status were examined as covariates by Cox regression, only nodal status and margins were independently correlated with survival. Perineural invasion, histological subtype, and vascular invasion did not reach significance by univariate analysis. In a multivariate analysis performed by Benhamiche et al, stage at diagnosis remained the major prognostic factor (p < 0.01).² In contrast, several surveys report that the only significant and independent prognostic factor for ampullary cancer is the local spread of the tumour (T stage), whereas the predictive value of tumour grade and lymph nodes metastases is still controversial.^9–11 Nevertheless, independently from local spread, any cancer stage includes both longterm survivors and short-term survivors, and there is a lack of clinical or histopathological factors able to predict survival.

There is undoubtedly a need for additional prognostic markers, and the molecular anomalies involved in the tumour process may have the potential to represent new significant prognostic factors. Many studies have shown that accumulations of molecular abnormalities of oncogenes, tumour suppressor genes, or growth factors occur during tumorigenesis and tumour progression in ampullary cancer. In several tumour types, such as in breast, lung, colon and gastric cancers, p53 mutations are associated with a poor prognosis.^12–15 Only a few studies have correlated p53 expression and survival in ampullary tumours.^16–19 In these reports, p53 overexpression was evaluated during the progression of carcinoma and the relation between p53 expression and prognosis was analysed. In ampullary carcinoma, p53 abnormality occurs during malignant transformation from adenoma and continues during tumour progression in carcinoma, but all studies failed to demonstrate a possible role for p53 in predicting survival.^16–19 Only Park et al reported that clinical prognosis was worse in patients with p53 overexpression than in those lacking p53 expression.¹⁷

Some reports aimed to demonstrate a role of proliferating indexes, such as Ki-67, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, the percentage of cells in phase S, and DNA content, in predicting survival.^18,20,21 In a multivariate analysis, Ajiki et al showed that proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression in ampullary tumours independently contributes to survival (p < 0.05).¹⁶ All the other proliferating indexes failed to show a significant correlation with prognosis.

Scarpa et al investigated whether allelic loses (loss of heterozygosity) of chromosomes 17p and 18q may be of prognostic value in multivariate survival analysis.²² The authors examined 53 ampullary cancers for chromosome 17p and 18q loss of heterozygosity using microsatellite markers and DNA from paraffin wax embedded tumours. Multivariate survival analysis included age, sex, tumour size, macroscopic appearance, grade of differentiation, T stage, lymph node metastasis, and chromosome 17p and 18q status. The five year survival rates for chromosome 17p retention and 17p loss were 80% and 7%, respectively. Chromosome 17p status was an independent prognostic factor among patients with ampullary cancers at the same stage. The same research group²³ evaluated the role of microsatellite instability in ampullary cancer and showed that replication error negative (absence of microsatellite instability) cancers had a significantly worse prognosis, irrespective of the stage at diagnosis. Therefore, these studies suggested that molecular anomalies might prove useful in discerning prognosis within cancers at the same stage. Several other studies have aimed to evaluate the prognostic role of several molecular parameters (such as cyclooxygenase 2 expression, cyclin D1, k-ras mutation, intratumorous microvessel density, telomerase activity, and survivin expression) in periampullary cancers.^24–29 All these molecular factors failed to show a significant correlation with survival, with the exception of cyclin D1. Increased cyclin D1 expression was seen in 17 of 30 carcinomas of the ampulla of Vater, and significantly correlated with tumour cell proliferation and worse clinical outcome.²⁵

Thus, there is a need for a better understanding of the biology of ampullary adenocarcinoma and for the identification of potential prognostic factors and clinically relevant molecular targets for treatment. For this reason, we examined for the first time the possible prognostic relevance of Bax, Bcl-2, and p53 protein expression, and of the apoptotic index, in a large cohort of uniformly treated patients with radically resected ampullary cancer.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Clinical data and tumour specimen acquisition

All patients were treated at the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart University and at University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Italy from 1988 to 2002 with radical surgical intent, and only those with no residual disease were considered suitable for our study. Before surgery, all patients were staged by thorax, abdomen, and pelvis computerised tomography scan, by liver palpation, and—when indicated—by intraoperative ultrasound of the liver to exclude the presence of distant metastases. Data on clinical parameters, including sex, age, preoperative assessment of disease state, and type of operative procedure, were gathered retrospectively from patient records. Pathological findings (tumour size and spread, and lymph node status) were obtained from the pathologists’ original reports. In addition to the original pathology reports, microscopic findings (tumour type, degree of differentiation, and TNM classification) were re-assessed. Tumours were categorised according to the International Union Against Cancer classification.³⁰ Survival was determined from the date of initial surgery to the date of death or the last contact. Follow up data were available for all patients.

Histology

The formalin fixed, paraffin wax embedded samples were sectioned at 5 μm and stained with haematoxylin and eosin. The histological diagnosis was re-examined by two independent pathologists. In addition, the most representative blocks were selected to be cut into new 5 μm thick sections for immunohistochemical studies.

Immunohistochemical staining

Immunohistochemical staining was performed by the streptavidin–biotin method. In brief, sections were dewaxed and antigen retrieval was achieved by steaming the slides for 35 minutes in a 1× concentration of target retrieval solution (Dako Corporation, Carpinteria, California, USA). Endogenous peroxidase was blocked using 3% hydrogen peroxide solution in phosphate buffered saline for five minutes. The antibodies used were: (1) a monoclonal mouse antibody against the p53 protein (DO7; Dakopatts A\S, Glostrup, Denmark), which was incubated at a 1/50 dilution at room temperature for one hour; (2) a monoclonal mouse antibody against the Bcl-2 protein (clone 124 Dakopatts A\S), incubated at a 1/40 dilution at room temperature for one hour; and (3) a monoclonal mouse antibody against the Bax protein (clone 2D2; Zymed Laboratories, San Francisco, California, USA), incubated at a 1/80 dilution at room temperature for one hour. After washing three times with Tris buffered saline (TBS), sections were incubated with biotinylated goat antimouse\antirabbit immunoglobulin (Dako A\S) for 10 minutes. They were then washed three times with TBS, treated with streptavidin–peroxidase reagent (Dakopatts A\S) for 10 minutes, and then washed again with TBS three times. Finally, specimens were incubated in diaminobenzidine for five minutes, followed by counterstaining in Mayer’s haematoxylin (Poly Scientific, Bay Shore, New York, USA) for one minute, rinsing twice in deionised water, and dehydrating with ethanol followed by xylene. Semiquantitative evaluation of the immunohistochemical results was performed by two independent observers blinded to patient status.

Scoring and quantification of immunoreactivity

The immunohistochemical scores for each of the antigens studied were based on published criteria. p53 was considered positive when there was a homogeneous staining pattern with more than 20% of cells demonstrating nuclear p53 protein accumulation. Bcl-2 staining was evaluated by counting the number of positively stained cells that showed a primarily cytoplasmic localisation of the bcl-2 protein. Bcl-2 was considered to be overexpressed when a homogeneous staining pattern was seen with more than 5% of cells staining. Bax was considered positive when a homogeneous staining pattern was seen with more than 10% of cytoplasm staining.

Detection of apoptosis

Apoptotic cells were identified by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate biotin nick end labelling (TUNEL) method. Dewaxed and rehydrated specimens were incubated in proteinase K (40 μg/ml) for one hour at 37°C, and were then treated with 3% H₂O₂ in methanol for 30 minutes at room temperature. After adding equilibration buffer for five minutes at room temperature, the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase enzyme was pipetted on to the sections and incubated at 37°C for two hours. The reaction was stopped by incubating the sections in stop buffer for 30 minutes at 37°C. Anti-digoxigenin peroxidase was added to the slides, followed by incubation for 30 minutes at 37°C. Slides were stained with diaminobenzine for 10 minutes and counterstained with haematoxylin. In total, 500 cells were counted for each specimen. The apoptotic index was defined as follows: apoptotic index (%)  =  100 × apoptotic cells/total cells. We stratified tumour specimens according to TUNEL staining into ⩽ 10% or > 10% stained cells.

Statistical analysis

Spearman’s correlation test was used to assess the relation between the original ordinal data before binary re-categorisations (correlation matrix between immunostaining parameters).

Univariate survival analysis for each prognostic variable on overall survival was estimated according to the Kaplan–Meier method.²³ The terminal event was death attributable to cancer or non-cancer causes. The significance of the differences in survival distribution among the prognostic groups was evaluated by the log rank test.²⁴ The Cox proportional hazards model was applied to the multivariate survival analysis.²⁵ The prognostic variables on overall survival included age, sex, TUNEL staining, and Bcl-2, Bax, and p53 expression.

p Values < 0.05 was regarded as significant in two tailed tests. SPSS software (version 10.00; SPSS, Chicago, Illinois, USA) was used for statistical analysis.

RESULTS

Patients’ characteristics

The cohort (table 1) consisted of 39 patients with a pathological diagnosis of cancer of the ampulla (20 men and 19 women) who had undergone radical resection. The median age at diagnosis was 62.3 years (range, 38–78). Table 1 summarises the main histopathological features of the tumours. The median duration of follow up after surgery was 51 months (range, 13–102). The median overall survival was 46 months (range, 6–100) and the one, three, and five year overall survival rates were 89.7%, 28.2%, and 25.5%, respectively. After a median follow up of 51 months, 24 patients were alive with no evidence of disease, two patients were alive with recurrence of disease, and 13 patients had died (nine patients died of ampullary carcinoma). Adjuvant radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy for ampullary cancer were not routinely offered in the hospitals involved in our study.

Table 1.

 Patients’ characteristics

Characteristic	N
Total number	39
Median (range) age	62.3 (38–78) years
Sex (M/F)	20/19
T factor
1	10 (25.6%)
2	17 (43.6%)
3	11 (28.2%)
4	1 (2.6%)
N factor
Negative	25 (64%)
Positive	14 (36%)
Grading
Well differentiated	13 (33.3%)
Moderately differentiated	20 (51.3%)
Poorly differentiated	6 (14.4%)
Survival
1 year overall survival	35 (89.7%)
3 year overall survival	11 (28.2%)
5 year overall survival	10 (25.5%)
Median follow up time (range)	51 (13–102) months
Median overall survival (range)	46 (6–100) months

p53, Bax, Bcl-2, and TUNEL staining

Table 2 summarises the results from the immunohistochemical analysis of 39 ampullary carcinoma specimens from radically resected patients.

Table 2.

 Immunohistochemical parameters in patients with ampullary adenocarcinoma

	N	%
p53 expression
Negative	15	38.4
Positive	23	58.9
Lack	1	2.7
Bcl-2 expression
Negative	16	41.0
Positive	22	56.3
Lack	1	2.7
Bax expression
Negative	21	53.8
Positive	18	46.2
TUNEL staining
⩽10	24	61.5
>10	15	38.5

TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate biotin nick end labelling.

Bax specific immunostaining was cytoplasmic and found to be positive in 21 of the 39 cases (fig 1A). Bcl-2 was expressed in 22 of 39 cases; immunostaining was faint to moderate (fig 1B) and was restricted to the cytoplasm, which is typical for Bcl-2. Stronger staining was seen in peritumorous lymphoid follicles, which were used as an internal positive control. p53 nuclear expression was present in 15 of the 39 ampullary cancer tissues (fig 1C). TUNEL staining was present in more than 10% of the observed cancer cells in 24 ampullary cancer specimens (fig 1D).

Figure 1.

 Ampullary adenocarcinoma: (A) intense cytoplasmic positivity for Bax (original magnification, ×400). (B) Diffuse and pronounced cytoplasmic positivity for Bcl-2 (original magnification, ×400). (C) p53 diffuse positivity (original magnification, ×400). (D) Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate biotin nick end labelling nuclear positive staining (original magnification, ×400).

Correlation between immunohistochemical parameters

Table 3 summarises the correlation between the immunohistochemical results. Using the rank correlation matrix, a positive significant correlation was found between Bax and p53 expression (p < 0.001). There was a trend towards a positive correlation between the apoptotic index (evaluated by TUNEL staining) and p53 expression (p  =  0.059). No other significant correlations were recorded between the other immunohistochemical parameters evaluated.

Table 3.

 Correlation between immunohistochemical parameters in patients with radically resected ampullary adenocarcinoma

	Bcl-2	TUNEL	Bax	p53
Bcl-2
ρ		0.099	0.258	0.184
p Value		NS	NS	NS
TUNEL
ρ	0.99		0.309	0.743
p Value	NS		NS	NS
Bax
ρ	0.258	0.309		0.464
p Value	NS	NS		<0.001
p53
ρ	0.184	0.059	0.743
p Value	NS	NS	<0.001

Values in bold are significant.

TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate biotin nick end labelling.

Immunohistochemical and clinicopathological parameters and patient survival

To determine the prognostic impact of Bax, Bcl-2, and p53 protein expression and TUNEL staining in a univariate survival analysis, patients were stratified according to the dichotomised variables (criteria as stated above) into positive (Bax^high, Bcl-2^high, p53^high, and TUNEL^{highapoptoticindex}) versus negative (Bax^low, Bcl-2^low, p53^low, and TUNEL^{lowapoptoticindex}).

By univariate analysis, overall survival seemed to be influenced by Bax and p53 expression and TUNEL staining (table 4). In particular, those patients with overexpression of Bax and p53 showed longer overall survival (p  =  0.001 and p  =  0.01, respectively). The median survival time in patients with high Bax expression was 120 months, compared with only 28 months for those with low Bax expression. The median survival time in patients with high p53 expression was 67 months, compared with only 17 months in those with low p53 expression. Moreover, the median survival time in patients with a high apoptotic index, evaluated by the TUNEL method, was 122 months, compared with 44 months in those with a low apoptotic index (p  =  0.03). However, Bcl-2 expression did not influence patient survival (table 4). By univariate analysis, none of the clinicopathological parameters evaluated influenced overall survival (table 4).

Table 4.

 Univariate analysis of survival in patients with radically operated ampullary adenocarcinoma

	Median survival (months)	95% CI	p Value
Sex
Female	33.90	25.90 to 78.93	0.290
Male	45.20	38.21 to 67.90
Age
<65 years	39.74	31.25 to 71.93	0.656
⩾65 years	49.60	39.89 to 77.10
T factor
T1–2	50.05	43.56 to 82.90	0.135
T3	35.50	26.00 to 58.78
N factor
N0	57-25	45.65 to 84.56	0.093
N+	32.02	21.76 to 48.76
p53 expression
Negative	17.34	19.00–37.31	0.01
Positive	66.62	51.99 to 81.24
Bcl-2 expression
Negative	58.85	40.30 to 77.40	0.55
Positive	45.80	27.99 to 68.01
Bax expression
Negative	28.00	8.53 to 54.28	0.001
Positive	119.98	89.04 to 150.93
TUNEL staining
⩽10	44.00	8.16 to 79.84	0.03
>10	121.94	84.96 to 158.93

CI, confidence interval; TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate biotin nick end labelling.

The Kaplan–Meier method was used to examine the impact of Bax, Bcl-2, and p53 overexpression, and of a high apoptotic index evaluated by the TUNEL method, on overall survival in patients radically resected for ampullary cancer. The Kaplan–Meier survival plots for all patients showed a significant association between either high apoptotic index (fig 2), high p53 expression (fig 3), and high Bax expression (fig 4) and good outcome (p  =  0.03, p  =  0.01, and p  =  0.001, respectively), whereas Bcl-2 expression (fig 5) was not significantly associated with clinical outcome (p  =  0.55).

Figure 2.

 Kaplan–Meier survival curves for patients with radically resected ampullary cancer according to terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate biotin nick end labelling (TUNEL) staining (> 10% v ⩽ 10%).

Figure 3.

 Kaplan–Meier survival curves for patients with radically resected ampullary cancer according to p53 expression (p53 positive v p53 negative).

Figure 4.

 Kaplan–Meier survival curves for patients with radically resected ampullary cancer according to Bax expression (Bax positive v Bax negative).

Figure 5.

 Kaplan–Meier survival curves for patients with radically resected ampullary cancer according to Bcl-2 expression (Bcl-2 positive v Bcl-2 negative).

Table 5 summarises the results of the multivariate survival analysis. All variables that reached significance in the univariate survival analysis were incorporated into a multivariate analysis, with disease related survival used as an end point. In this model, only Bax expression retained independent prognostic significance. The relative risk of death in patients with ampullary cancer with high Bax expression was significantly lower than that of patients with low expression (p  =  0.020). The other two immunohistochemical parameters significantly associated with prognosis in univariate analysis (p53 expression and TUNEL staining) did not influence the overall survival when evaluated by multivariate analysis as single prognostic factors (p  =  0.756 and p  =  0.10, respectively).

Table 5.

 Multivariate analysis of survival in patients with radically operated ampullary adenocarcinoma

	Relative risk	95% CI	p Value
p53 expression
Negative	1	−	0.756
Positive	0.915	0.467 to 1.561
Bax expression
Negative	1	−	0.020
Positive	0.371	0.210 to 0.863
TUNEL staining
Positive	1	−	0.10
Negative	0.564	0.333 to 1.316

CI, confidence interval; TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate biotin nick end labelling.

DISCUSSION

To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the possible prognostic significance of Bcl-2 and Bax expression in patients with radically resected cancer of the ampulla.

The Bcl-2 family, with its antiapoptotic members—Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, Mcl-1, and A1—and death promoting members—Bax, Bcl-xs, Bak, Bad, and Bik—plays a central role in the regulation of cell death. The overexpression of antiapoptotic factors of this gene family, such as Bcl-2, contributes to cancer pathogenesis and may be involved in resistance to cancer treatment. From a functional point of view, Bax plays a central role in regulation and commitment to programmed cell death. Bax counteracts the antiapoptotic effect of Bcl-2 and may directly induce apoptosis.^31,32 The proapoptotic Bax is located in the outer mitochondrial membrane.³³ Bax overexpression induces mitochondrial permeability transition, which leads to the release of cytochrome c.³⁴ Cytochrome c induces autocleavage of caspase 9, and the subsequent activation of the effector caspase 3.³⁵ Cleavage of caspase substrates such as poly-(adenosine 5′-diphosphate ribose) polymerase and DNA fragmentation factor,³⁶ leads to the degradation of chromosomal DNA and irreversibly triggers the execution phase of apoptosis. There is increasing evidence for the prognostic value of Bax in several tumour types, such as breast cancer,³⁷ ovarian cancer,³⁸ diffuse aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma,³⁹ oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma,⁴⁰ pancreatic cancer,⁴¹ and small cell carcinoma of the lung.⁴² The prognostic role of Bax in cancer of the ampulla is unknown and data are still lacking in the literature.

“Bax, Bcl-2, and the apoptotic index had a significant impact on overall survival in our cohort of patients”

p53 is known to play a central role in sensing and signalling for growth arrest and apoptosis in cells with DNA damage.⁴³ Wild-type p53 is upregulated after cellular stress such as DNA damage or hypoxia. It mediates pathways that lead to G1 arrest and may allow mechanisms for DNA repair or induces apoptotic pathways that drive cells to commit suicide. Both Bcl-2 and Bax are transcriptional targets for p53, which induces cell cycle arrest or apoptosis in response to DNA damage.⁴⁴ As previously reported, few studies have correlated p53 expression with survival in ampullary tumours.^16–19 p53 abnormality occurs during malignant transformation from adenoma and continues during tumour progression in carcinoma, but all studies failed to demonstrate a possible role of p53 in predicting survival.^16–19 We have shown for the first time a significant association between high p53 expression and good clinical outcome. Moreover, this is the first study to examine the possible prognostic significance of Bax and Bcl-2 protein expression and the apoptotic index in patients with radically resected ampullary cancer. We clearly demonstrated a significant prognostic role for these molecular factors in ampullary cancer. Bax, Bcl-2, and the apoptotic index had a significant impact on overall survival in our cohort of patients. Moreover, the positive significant correlation between Bax and p53 expression suggests that, in our patients with ampullary cancer, apoptosis is p53 dependent, as has previously been reported for other types of cancer.⁴⁵ Finally, when all variables that reached significance in the univariate survival analysis were incorporated into a multivariate analysis, only Bax expression retained independent prognostic significance. The calculated relative risk of death in patients with ampullary cancer with high Bax expression was significantly lower (0.371; p  =  0.020). The results of our study provide evidence that apoptosis may be an important prognostic factor in patients with radically resected ampullary cancer. To the best of our knowledge, our present study is the first one to assess the clinical usefulness of Bax expression in radically resected ampullary cancer. Knowledge of those factors that have an independent influence on prognosis is crucial in the development and interpretation of prospective randomised trials in which patients are stratified according to these prognostic determinants. In conclusion, it should be kept in mind that these groups were identified retrospectively, but our results show that we may be coming closer to a combined clinical and molecular substaging of patients within single, classic disease stages.

Take home messages.

• We provide evidence that apoptosis may be an important prognostic factor in patients with radically resected ampullary cancer

• This study, the first to assess the clinical usefulness of Bax and Bcl-2 expression in radically resected ampullary cancer, showed that high expression of Bax is associated with longer survival

• The positive significant correlation between Bax and p53 expression suggests that, in our patients with ampullary cancer, apoptosis is p53 dependent, as has previously been reported for other types of cancer

Abbreviations

• TBS, Tris buffered saline

• TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labelling