Table 1.
Univariate association of predisposing, enabling, and need characteristics with use of eye care services
| Optometrist only | Ophthalmologist only | Seen both | Never seen eye care provider | ||||||
| Characteristic | No | % (n) | p value | % (n) | p value | % (n) | p value | % (n) | p value |
| Predisposing | |||||||||
| Sex: | |||||||||
| Male | 2139 | 46% (976) | 0.652, | 10% (224) | 0.428, | 33% (721) | 0.093, | 11% (218) | 0.004, |
| Female | 2473 | 45% (1112) | χ2, 1 df=0.204 | 11% (277) | χ2, 1 df=0.6 | 36% (892) | χ2, 1 df=2.8 | 8% (192) | χ2, 1 df=8.3 |
| Country of birth: | |||||||||
| Australia | 2999 | 45% (1357) | 0.418, | 10% (285) | <0.001, | 36% (1077) | <0.001, | 9% (280) | <0.013, |
| NZ/British Isles | 440 | 43% (190) | χ2, 6 df=6.0 | 11% (47) | χ2, 6 df=34.9 | 41% (182) | χ2, 6 df=23.7 | 5% (21) | χ2, 6 df=16.1 |
| Europe | 319 | 47% (151) | 14% (45) | 32% (102) | 7% (21) | ||||
| Asia | 80 | 50% (40) | 14% (11) | 29% (23) | 8% (6) | ||||
| Greece | 272 | 43% (117) | 19% (51) | 27% (72) | 12% (32) | ||||
| Italy | 342 | 49% (168) | 9% (342) | 30% (104) | 11% (36) | ||||
| Other | 160 | 40% (65) | 17% (28) | 33% (53) | 9% (14) | ||||
| Age: | |||||||||
| 40–49 years | 1220 | 44% (532) | <0.001, MH | 10% (122) | <0.647, MH | 22% (274) | <0.001, MH | 24% (292) | <0.001, MH |
| 50–59 years | 1313 | 51% (669) | χ2, 1 df=58.6 | 11% (142) | χ2, 1 df=2.5 | 33% (456) | χ2, 1 df=189.0 | 5% (72) | χ2, 1 df=474.4 |
| 60–69 years | 1157 | 47% (544) | 11% (132) | 39% (456) | 2% (25) | ||||
| 70–79 years | 694 | 41% (283) | 11% (75) | 46% (322) | 2% (14) | ||||
| 80+ years | 228 | 26% (60) | 13% (30) | 57% (131) | 2% (7) | ||||
| Enabling characteristics | |||||||||
| Private insurance: | |||||||||
| Yes | 2330 | 41% (950) | <0.001, | 12% (287) | 0.002, | 39% (929) | <0.001, | 7% (164) | <0.001, |
| No | 2259 | 50% (1125) | χ2, 1 df=37.7 | 9% (213) | χ2, 1 df=9.9 | 29% (676) | χ2, 1 df=49.9 | 11% (245) | χ2, 1 df=20.4 |
| Language: | |||||||||
| English | 4040 | 45% (1813) | 0.207, | 10% (415) | 0.012, | 36% (1454) | 0.004, | 9% (358) | 0.266, |
| Asian | 42 | 38% (16) | χ2, 5 df=7.191 | 19% (8) | χ2, 5 df=14.7 | 36% (45) | χ2, 5 df=17.0 | 7% (7) | χ2, 5 df=6.4 |
| Greek | 176 | 45% (79) | 18% (31) | 25% (45) | 12% (21) | ||||
| Italian | 241 | 49% (119) | 12% (29) | 30% (73) | 8% (20) | ||||
| Other European | 77 | 57% (44) | 14% (11) | 25% (19) | 4% (3) | ||||
| Other | 32 | 47% (15) | 16% (5) | 22% (7) | 16% (5) | ||||
| Education: | |||||||||
| No secondary | 2132 | 47% (994) | <0.001, | 11% (232) | <0.001, | 35% (746) | <0.001, | 8% (160) | 0.007, |
| Secondary | 977 | 45% (440) | χ2, 3 df=42.0 | 11% (112) | χ2, 3 df=29.5 | 33% (320) | χ2, 3 df=16.9 | 11% (105) | χ2, 3 df=12.2 |
| Trade | 485 | 54% (260) | 5% (22) | 31% (149) | 11% (54 | ||||
| Tertiary | 905 | 37% (332) | 14% (127) | 40% (364) | 9% (82) | ||||
| Employment: | |||||||||
| Employed | 2023 | 48% (968) | 0.004, | 10% (194) | 0.018, | 29% (588) | <0.001, | 13% (273) | <0.001, |
| Unemployed | 77 | 48% (37) | χ2, 4 df=15.3 | 14% (11) | χ2, 4 df=11.9 | 29% (22) | χ2, 4 df=67.6 | 9% (7) | χ2, 4 df=107.7 |
| Home duties | 1117 | 46% (509) | 10% (113) | 37% (416) | 7% (79) | ||||
| Retired | 1303 | 41% (535) | 13% (171) | 42% (554) | 3% (43) | ||||
| Other | 55 | 42% (23) | 11% (6) | 365 (20) | 11% (6) | ||||
| Residence: | |||||||||
| Urban | 3176 | 39% (1223) | <0.001, | 15% (467) | <0.001, | 40% (1256) | <0.001, | 7% (230) | <0.001, |
| Rural | 1436 | 60% (865) | χ2, 1 df=188 | 2% (34) | χ2, 1 df=155.4 | 25% (357) | χ2, 1 df=93.8 | 13% (180) | χ2, 1 df=34.2 |
| Need characteristics | |||||||||
| Diabetes: | |||||||||
| Yes | 227 | 29% (66) | <0.001, | 13% (29) | 0.356, | 56% (126) | <0.001, | 3% (6) | <0.001, |
| No | 4364 | 46% (2011) | χ2, 1 df=25.2 | 11% (472) | χ2, 1 df=0.8 | 34% (1478) | χ2, 1 df=44.4 | 9% (403) | χ2, 1 df=11.5 |
| Presenting acuity: | |||||||||
| ≥6/6 | 3017 | 47% (1430) | <0.001, | 10% (303) | 0.017, | 32% (958) | <0.001, | 11% (326) | <0.001, |
| <6/6 | 1587 | 41% (655) | χ2, 1 df=15.7 | 12% (196) | χ2, 1 df=5.7 | 41% (652) | χ2, 1 df=39.8 | 5% (84) | χ2, 1 df=38.9 |
| Noticed a change in vision: | |||||||||
| Yes | 3880 | 46% (1791) | 0.03, | 11% (425) | 0.620, | 37% (1451) | <0.001, | 5% (213) | <0.001, |
| No | 660 | 42% (275) | χ2, 1 df=4.6 | 10% (68) | χ2, 1 df=0.25 | 22% (142) | χ2, 1 df=62.0 | 27% (175) | χ2, 1 df=319.0 |
| Undercorrected refractive error: | |||||||||
| Yes | 451 | 46% (207) | 0.779, | 12% (55) | 0.338, | 37% (166) | 0.390, | 5% (23) | <0.001, |
| No | 4161 | 45% (1881) | Chisqure, 1 df=0.8 | 11% (446) | χ2, 1 df=0.9 | 35% (1447) | χ2, 1 df=0.7 | 9% (387) | χ2, 1 df=8.9 |
| Family history of eye disease: | |||||||||
| Yes | 1121 | 44% (494) | 0.160, | 12% (132) | 0.055, | 38% (426) | 0.003, | 6% (69) | <0.001, |
| No | 2990 | 46% (1391) | χ, 1 df=1.97 | 10% (291) | χ2, 1 df=3.7 | 33% (988) | χ2, 1 df=8.9 | 11% (320) | χ2, 1 df=19.7 |
| Eye disease: | |||||||||
| Yes | 1495 | 39% (581) | <0.001, | 12% (183) | 0.028, | 46% (685) | <0.001, | 3% (46) | <0.001, |
| No | 3072 | 49% (1491) | χ2, 1 df=37.9 | 10% (310) | χ2, 1 df=4.8 | 305 (909) | χ2, 1 df=115.6 | 12% (362) | χ2, 1 df=93.7 |