Table 3.
Effects of 10 minutes of breathing of carbogen on systemic and ocular haemodynamic parameters (% change from baseline, t test, post hoc testing) and significant differences between the two groups (ANOVA)
| Parameters | Smokers (%) | Non-smokers (%) | p Value (ANOVA) |
| SBP (mm Hg) | +6.0 (1.5)* p = 0.002 | +0.8 (2.5) p = 0.75 | 0.187 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | +3.9 (3.0) p = 0.217 | +26.2 (17.9) p = 0.174 | 0.251 |
| MAP (mm Hg) | +4.1 (1.6) p = 0.024 | +8.8 (4.2) p = 0.063 | 0.667 |
| PR (beats/min) | −3.1 (1.5) p = 0.067 | +0.7 (2.8) p = 0.793 | 0.919 |
| Choroidal red blood cell velocity (AU) | +2.9 (1.5) p = 0.079 | +1.9 (2.5) p = 0.469 | 0.675 |
| Choroidal red blood cell volume (AU) | −9.1 (5.2) p = 0.103 | +6.3 (4.7) p = 0.203 | 0.032 |
| Choroidal blood flow (AU) | −5.7 (5.0) p = 0.269 | +8.0 (3.6) p = 0.048 | 0.049 |
| ONH red blood cell velocity (AU) | −5.2 (4.3) p = 0.246 | −7.9 (5.1) p = 0.154 | 0.734 |
| ONH red blood cell volume (AU) | −15.3 (5.0) p = 0.01 | −10.5 (8.3) p = 0.237 | 0.282 |
| ONH blood flow (AU) | −20.2 (5.4) p = 0.003 | −21.3 (5.1) p = 0.002 | 0.934 |
| Arterial retinal diameter (μm) | −5.6 (1.6) p = 0.001 | −5.3 (1.7) p = 0.013 | 0.959 |
| Venous retinal diameter (μm) | −14.7 (1.4) p<0.001 | −11.0 (1.3) p<0.001 | 0.104 |
| Fundus pulsation amplitude (μm) | −2.5 (3.3) p = 0.46 | +18.1 (2.0) p<0.001 | <0.001 |
| PO2 (mm Hg) | +241.5 (36.0) p<0.001 | +255.0 (19.0) p<0.001 | 0.737 |
| PCO2 (mm Hg) | +14.8 (2.6) p<0.001 | +10.2 (2.0) p<0.001 | 0.149 |
| SaO2 (%) | +4.3 (0.1) p<0.001 | +4.1 (0.1) p<0.001 | 0.564 |
SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; MAP, mean arterial pressure; PR, pulse rate; AU, arbitrary units; ONH, optic nerve head.
*Data are presented as mean (SEM).