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Characteristics of the study groups (SD)
| Control | No-DR | No-PDR | PDR | |
| Number (male/female) | 108 (62/46) | 146 (70/76) | 78 (42/36) | 24 (13/11) |
| Age (years) | 55.9 (15.5) | 58 (13.3) | 60.0 (13.3) | 56.1 (10.1) |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 8.1 (6.9) | 13.3 (7.2) | 14.5 (8.4) | |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.5 (1.7) | 8.2 (1.8) | 7.6 (1.3) | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 124.0 (11.5) | 123.2 (15.3) | 131.2 (16.0) | 134.0 (14.2) |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 75.8 (3.7) | 72.5 (4.6) | 70.9 (9.7) | 75.5 (9.9) |
