Effect of indomethacin in wild-type, cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 (−/−), and COX-2 (−/−) mice. Results were compiled from confocal images of extracellular pH at the gastric surface in response to luminal pH 3 superfusion before and after treatment with indomethacin (indo 5 mg/kg intraperitoneally). pH gradients were measured in wild-type mice (A), COX-2 (−/−) mice (B), and COX-1 (−/−) mice (C). Values are mean (SEM), n = 3–6 per genotype. *p<0.05 versus pH value at the same distance from the surface in the absence of inhibitor.