Table 1.
Comparison of demographic characteristics and risk factors among Medicare enrolled patients diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and randomly assigned non-cancer controls (1:3 ratio) between 1994 and 1999
| HCC cases (n = 2061) | Non-cancer controls (n = 6183) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | |||
| n | % | n | % | ||
| Age | |||||
| <75 y | 922 | 44.7 | 2923 | 47.3 | Reference |
| ⩾75 y | 1139 | 55.3 | 3260 | 52.7 | 1.11 (1.01–1.22) |
| Sex | |||||
| Female | 709 | 34.4 | 3935 | 63.6 | Reference |
| Male | 1352 | 65.6 | 2248 | 36.4 | 3.34 (3.01–3.71) |
| Race | |||||
| White | 1367 | 66.3 | 5080 | 82.1 | Reference |
| Black | 181 | 8.8 | 418 | 6.8 | 1.61 (1.33–1.92) |
| Hispanic | 91 | 4.4 | 163 | 2.6 | 2.08 (1.59–2.70) |
| Asian | 267 | 13.0 | 301 | 4.9 | 3.30 (2.77–3.93) |
| Other | 155 | 7.5 | 221 | 3.6 | 2.63 (2.08–3.23) |
| SEER registry | |||||
| Atlanta | 102 | 5.0 | 368 | 6.0 | Reference |
| Utah | 54 | 2.6 | 305 | 4.9 | 0.64 (0.44–0.92) |
| Connecticut | 222 | 10.8 | 804 | 13.0 | 0.99 (0.76–1.30) |
| Detroit | 329 | 16.0 | 935 | 15.1 | 1.27 (0.99–1.63) |
| Hawaii | 100 | 4.9 | 180 | 2.9 | 2.00 (1.44–2.78) |
| Iowa | 176 | 8.5 | 835 | 13.5 | 0.76 (0.58–0.99) |
| Los Angeles | 479 | 23.2 | 1027 | 16.6 | 1.68 (1.32–2.15) |
| New Mexico | 108 | 5.2 | 313 | 5.1 | 1.24 (0.91–1.70) |
| San Francisco | 223 | 10.8 | 515 | 8.3 | 1.56 (1.19–2.05) |
| San Jose | 93 | 4.5 | 300 | 4.9 | 1.12 (0.81–1.54) |
| Seattle | 175 | 8.5 | 601 | 9.7 | 1.05 (0.80–1.39) |
| Medicare/Medicaid dual enrolment | 559 | 27.1 | 894 | 14.5 | 2.20 (1.95–2.48) |
| Risk factors | |||||
| Diabetes | 892 | 43.3 | 1198 | 19.4 | 3.18 (2.85–3.54) |
| HCV | 406 | 17.6 | 80 | 1.3 | 18.71 (14.64–23.93) |
| HBV | 182 | 8.8 | 14 | 0.2 | 42.68 (24.72–73.68) |
| Alcoholic liver disease | 453 | 22.0 | 22 | 0.4 | 78.89 (51.25–121.45) |
| Haemochromatosis | 68 | 3.3 | 20 | 0.3 | 10.51 (6.37–17.35) |
| HIV | 7 | 0.3 | 5 | 0.1 | 4.21 (1.34–13.28) |
SEER, Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End-Results Program; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; OR, odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.