Table 1.
Dispersal and speciation events implied by early hominid phylogenies
| Tree type | Tree | Dispersal‡ with speciation | Dispersal‡ without speciation | Speciation without dispersal§
|
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| East | South | ||||
| Cladogram | Fig. 2a | 1, 4 | 12 or 14, 13 | A, C, E, F, G, H | |
| Fig. 2d | 1, 4 | 12 or 14, 13 | A, C, E, F, G, H | ||
| Fig. 2f | 1, 4 | 12 or 14, 13 | A, C, E, F, G, H | ||
| Phyletic tree* | Fig. 2b | 1, 3, 4, 6 | 14, 16 or 13 | A, C, E, F, G?, H | |
| Fig. 2c | 1, 3, 4 | 14, 16 or 13 | A, C, E, F, G?, H | ||
| Fig. 2e | 1, 3, 4 | 14, 16, or 13 | A, C, E, F, G?, H | ||
| Fig. 2g | 1, at least two others | 14, 16 or 13 | at least A, C | ||
| Fig. 2h | 1, 3, at least one other | 14, 16 or 13 | at least A, C, E | D | |
| Fig. 2i | 1, at least one other | 14, 16 or 13 | at least A, C, E | D | |
| Fig. 2j | 1, 4, at least one other | 14, 16 or 13 | at least A, C, E | ||
| Phyletic tree† | Fig. 2b | 1, 4 & 7 or 8 & 10, 9 & 11 or 17 | 15, 16 or 13 | A, C?, E?, G?, H? | D?, F |
| Fig. 2c | 1, 2 or 8, 4, 9 & 11 or 17 | 15, 16 or 13 | A, C?, E, G?, H? | F? | |
| Fig. 2e | 1, 2, 3 or 17,4 | 15, 16 or 13 | A, C, E, G?, H? | ||
| Fig. 2g | 1, 10, at least one other | 15, 16 or 13 | at least A, C | at least D | |
| Fig. 2h | at least 1, 2, or 5 | 15, 16 or 13 | at least A, C, E | at least D | |
| Fig. 2i | 1, at least one other | 15, 16 or 13 | at least A, C, E | at least D | |
| Fig. 2j | 1, 4, at least one other | 15, 16 or 13 | A, C, E | at least D | |
Italicized numbers represent southward dispersals. Bold-faced numbers represent northward dispersals. Underlined numbers represent dispersals that occur only if H. rudolfensis appeared first in the Malawi Rift. Letters represent speciation events that are not associated with dispersals. “East” and “South” refer to regions in Africa.
Assumes that H. habilis appears first in eastern Africa.
Assumes that H. habilis appears first in southern Africa.
Dispersals: 1, A. africanus or its ancestor disperses from East to South between 3.5 and 3.0 Myr; 2, H. habilis or its ancestor, East to South, ≈2.5 Myr; 3, H. rudolfensis or its ancestor, East to the Corridor, ≈ 2.4 Myr; 4, P. robustus or its ancestor, East to South between 2.5 and 1.7 Myr; 5, H. habilis or its ancestor, the Corridor to South, ≈2.5 Myr; 6, the common ancestor of Homo and Paranthropus, South to East, ≈2.7 Myr; 7, the common ancestor of Paranthropus, South to East, ≈2.6 Myr; 8, P. aethiopicus or its ancestor, South to East, ≈2.5 Myr; 9, H. rudolfensis or its ancestor, South to the Corridor, ≈2.4 Myr, 10, P. boisei or its ancestor, South to East, ≈2.2 Myr; 11, H. ergaster or its ancestor, the Corridor to East, ≈1.9 Myr; 12, H. habilis East to Souh, ≈2.5 Myr; 13, H. rudolfensis, East to the Corridor, ≈2.4 Myr; 14, H. habilis, East to South, ≈1.8 Myr; 15, H. habilis, South to East, ≈2.3 Myr; 16, H. rudolfensis, the Corridor to East, ≈2.4 Myr; 17, the common ancestor of H. rudolfensis and H. ergaster, South to East, ≈2.5 Myr.
Speciation events without dispersals: A, P. africanus; B, A. africanus; C, P. aethiopicus; D, P. robustus; E, P. boisei; F, H. habilis; G, H. rudolfensis; H, H. ergaster.