IFNs induce miR-155 expression through TNF-α autocrine/paracrine signaling. (A) WT (Wt) and TNFR1−/− murine macrophages were stimulated with medium (m), 1,000 units/ml IFN-β, 50 ng/ml IFN-γ, or 10 ng/ml TNF-α for 6 h, and miR-155 was assayed by qPCR. (B) (Left) WT macrophages were stimulated with medium, IFN-β, or IFN-γ for 6 h, and TNF-α mRNA was analyzed by qPCR. (Right) WT and TNFR1−/− macrophages were stimulated with IFN-β for 6 h and assayed for IP10 mRNA expression by qPCR. (C) (Left) WT macrophages were stimulated with medium or 2 μg/ml poly(I:C) for 6 h and assayed for TNF-α expression by qPCR. (Right) WT and TNFR1−/− macrophages were stimulated with medium or poly(I:C) for 6 h, and miR-155 was assayed by qPCR.