Table 5.

Referenced Multivariate Epidemiology Studies Examining Metabolic Syndrome Risk Factors and Cancer Incidence/Mortality for Breast Cancer

Study	Goodwin et al, 200234	Kaaks et al, 199823
Results (relative risk ratio 95% CI)	Insulin Q4 (51.9 to 339.8 pmol/L) versus Q1 (8.1 to 27.0 pmol/L): cancer mortality 3.1 (1.7, 5.7); BMI Q4 (27.8 to 54.8 kg/m2) versus Q1 (16.3 to 21.9 kg/m2): cancer mortality 1.78 (1.25, 2.53)	Pre waist/hip ratio (>0.80 versus ≤0.73): 0.96 (0.60, 1.54) Post waist/hip ratio (>0.80 versus ≤0.73): 2.63 (1.09, 6.35)‡
Size and type	Canadian women n = 512; prospective cohort study	Dutch pre women n = 5891; post womenn = 3521; population-based cohort study
Covariates	Age at diagnosis; tumor stage; tumor grade; hormone receptor status; adjuvant chemotherapy; adjuvant tamoxifen	Age; age at menarche; age at first childbirth; number of liveborn children; menopausal status; age at menopause
Inclusion	Age <75 years; lumpectomy for breast cancer; axillary node dissection
Exclusion	Prior malignancy; diabetes 1 or 2; medications influencing variable
Nonsignificant studies	Estradiol; IGF-1; IGF-2	BMI; waist circumference; height; weight; hip circumference

Results refer to cancer risk unless otherwise stated. Pre, premenopausal; Post, postmenopausal. 

^*P < 0.05. 

^†P < 0.001. 

^‡P < 0.01. 

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