Early addition of interleukin-10 (IL-10) modulates the phenotype and T-cell stimulatory capacity of dendritic cells (DC). DC were generated from murine bone marrow (BM) cells with granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). IL-10 was added to the cultures from day 0, 3, 6 or 8 onwards. After 9 days of culture, expression of the costimulatory molecule and T-cell stimulatory capacity of the DCs were analysed. (a) Flow cytometric analyses of CD40, CD80 and CD86 expression on gated CD11c+ DC generated either with GM-CSF alone (solid line) or with GM-CSF + IL-10 (bold line) added from different time-points onwards to the culture. (b) Purified C57Bl/6 CD4+ T cells were stimulated with graded numbers of BALB/c DC, and proliferation was determined after 4 days by measuring the incorporation of [3H]thymidine. The results are representative of three experiments.