Table 2.
The relative risk and 95% CIs from the Cox regression models with robust variance predicting high hsCRP levels (hsCRP > 3 mg/dl)
| Risk factor | Level | Baseline | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Childhood maltreatment: | No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Probable | 1.18 (0.87–1.60) | 1.11 (0.81–1.52) | 1.20 (0.89–1.63) | 1.16 (0.86–1.56) | 1.07 (0.78–1.46) | |
| Definite | 1.80 (1.26–2.58) | 1.58 (1.08–2.31) | 1.64 (1.12–2.39) | 1.76 (1.23–2.51) | 1.61 (1.12–2.32) | |
| Co-occurring early life risks: | ||||||
| Low birth weight | 1.61 (1.00–2.57) | 1.34 (0.85–2.12) | — | — | 1.28 (0.80–2.04) | |
| Child SES | Low | 1.96 (1.19–3.25) | 1.77 (1.05–2.97) | — | — | 1.47 (0.88–2.45) |
| Medium | 1.59 (1.00–2.52) | 1.60 (1.00–2.55) | 1.51 (0.95–2.40) | |||
| High | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Low child IQ | 1.44 (1.03–2.01) | 1.27 (0.91–1.78) | — | — | 1.07 (0.73–1.57) | |
| Adult stress indicators: | ||||||
| SES | Low | 1.38 (0.99–1.92) | — | 1.23 (0.87–1.74) | — | 1.16 (0.80–1.70) |
| Medium | 1.19 (0.85–1.67) | 1.14 (0.81–1.60) | 1.08 (0.78–1.51) | |||
| High | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Major depression | 1.45 (1.06–1.99) | — | 1.17 (0.83–1.64) | — | 1.17 (0.83–1.64) | |
| High perceived stress | 1.45 (1.10–1.91) | — | 1.22 (0.90–1.66) | — | 1.17 (0.86–1.58) | |
| Adult health and health behavior: | ||||||
| CV risk cluster | 2.39 (1.84–3.10) | — | — | 2.50 (1.91–3.27) | 2.34 (1.77–3.08) | |
| Smoking | Nonsmoker | 1 | — | — | 1 | 1 |
| Up to 10 per day | 0.88 (0.61–1.28) | 0.93 (0.64–1.35) | 0.92 (0.64–1.34) | |||
| 11 to 20 per day | 0.85 (0.59–1.23) | 0.76 (0.52–1.10) | 0.74 (0.50–1.09) | |||
| >20 per day | 1.18 (0.69–2.03) | 1.14 (0.64–2.04) | 1.06 (0.58–1.93) | |||
| Physical activity | Light | 1.57 (1.05–2.34) | — | — | 1.25 (0.83–1.88) | 1.32 (0.87–1.99) |
| Moderate | 1.47 (0.98–2.21) | 1.16 (0.78–1.73) | 1.27 (0.84–1.92) | |||
| Hard | 1.30 (0.86–1.97) | 1.10 (0.73–1.66) | 1.13 (0.75–1.72) | |||
| Very hard | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Diet (fruit, vegetable) intake | Very low | 1.01 (0.68–1.48) | — | — | 1.09 (0.74–1.61) | 1.03 (0.68–1.55) |
| Low | 0.78 (0.53–1.16) | 0.82 (0.56–1.19) | 0.81 (0.55–1.19) | |||
| High | 1.01 (0.67–1.52) | 0.92 (0.63–1.36) | 0.95 (0.64–1.42) | |||
| Very high | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Others: | ||||||
| Male sex | 0.50 (0.38–0.66) | 0.54 (0.41–0.72) | 0.54 (0.41–0.72) | 0.50 (0.38–0.68) | 0.56 (0.41–0.76) | |
| Use of antiinflammatory medication | 1.33 (1.01–1.75) | 1.34 (1.02–1.76) | 1.37 (1.03–1.81) | 1.35 (1.03–1.77) | 1.37 (1.03–1.82) |
The baseline model shows the bivariate analysis of the association between putative risk factors and high hsCRP. Model 1 indexes the co-occurring risk hypothesis, showing the RR of high hsCRP according to maltreatment experiences adjusted for low birth weight, childhood SES, and low childhood IQ. Model 2 indexes the adult stress hypothesis, showing the RR of high hsCRP according to maltreatment experiences adjusted for adult SES, major depression, and high perceived stress. Model 3 indexes the health-behavior hypothesis, showing the RR of high hsCRP according to maltreatment experiences adjusted for cardiovascular risk cluster, smoking, physical activity, and diet. Model 4 shows the RR of high hsCRP according to maltreatment experiences adjusted for all child and adult risk factors. CI values are shown in parentheses.