Figure 3. Cholinergic signaling mediated by α7 nAChR in cytokine-producing cells.

Cholinergic signals derived from vagus nerve stimulation inhibit the release of TNF, IL-1, HMGB1, and other cytokines by transducing a cellular signal that inhibits the nuclear activity of NF-κB. TNFR, TNF receptor. Modified with permission from Nature Medicine (27).