Table 2.
Interaction of neural and neuroendocrine factors with components of the innate immune system
| Toll-like receptors | Dendritic cells | Macrophages | Natural killer cells | Innate cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, IL-12 and TNF) | Chemokines (CCL2 and CXCL8) | Chemokine receptors | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glucocorticoid | + | − | − | − | − | − | ND |
| Noradrenaline | ND | ND | − | − | − | + | ND |
| Neuropeptide Y | ND | ND | − | ND | − | ND | ND |
| Acetylcholine | ND | ND | − | ND | − | + | ND |
| CRH | ND | ND | ND | + | + | ND | ND |
| CGRP | ND | − | ND | + | + | + | ND |
| Substance P | ND | ND | ND | ND | + | + | ND |
| α-MSH | − | ND | ND | ND | − | + | ND |
| Opioids | ND | ND | ND | ND | − | + | − |
| VIP | − | ND | − | − | − | − | ND |
| Oestrogen | ND | − | ND | ND | − | − | ND |
| Progesterone | ND | + | ND | ND | ND | − | ND |
Inhibitory effect denoted by ‘–’; stimulatory effect denoted by ‘+’; α-MSH, α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone; CCL, CC-chemokine ligand; CGRP, calcitonin gene-related peptide; CRH, corticotropin-releasing hormone; CXCL, CXC-chemokine ligand; IL, interleukin; ND, not determined; TNF, tumour-necrosis factor; VIP, vasoactive intestinal peptide.