Fig. 3.

Temporal gene expression of the Hessian fly antioxidant genes during development. Gene expression was studied for all of the developmental stages including first, second, and third larval instars, pupae, and adults. REV for all of the genes was calculated by using an endogenous Hessian fly ubiquitin gene. The standard error is represented by the error bars for three technical replicates. e2, early second instar; m2, mid second instar; l2, late second instar; e3, early third instar; m3, mid third instar; l3, late third instar.