Table 3.

Multivariate, Multilevel Regression Model Showing Association of Clinician Use of Chronic Care Model Elements and 2 Measures of Diabetes Care Intermediate Outcomes

Parameter	Parameter Estimate*	SE	P Value
Hemoglobin A1c value†
Intercept	9.3118	0.5709	<.001
Patient age	−0.0082	0.0041	.049
Patient race/ethnicity: white (vs nonwhite)	−0.5990	0.1290	<.001
Clinician sex: female	−0.3371	0.1318	.01
Clinician specialty
Physician’s assistant	−0.6152	0.4299	.16
Nurse-practitioner	0.8065	0.2556	.003
General internal medicine	0.1901	0.1263	.14
Family physician (reference)	–	–	–
Clinician score for use of CCM	−0.3013	0.0879	.002
Lipid ratio (total cholesterol:HDL-cholesterol)‡
Intercept	5.8541	0.3414	<.001
Patient age	−0.0148	0.0035	<.001
Patient marital status: married	0.1589	0.0967	.10
Clinician score for use of CCM	−0.1663	0.0690	.02

CCM = Chronic Care Model; HDL = high-density lipoprotein.

* The parameter estimates indicate the strength of the association in each model. Each unit difference in clinician-reported frequency of CCM use (eg, from “rarely” to “occasionally”) is associated with a change in the dependent variable (hemoglobin A_1c value or lipid ratio) equal to the parameter estimate.

† Analyzed as a continuous variable. Covariates included patient age, patient race/ethnicity, clinician sex, and clinician specialty.

‡ Analyzed as a continuous variable. Covariates included patient age and marital status.