Table 3.
Two-Year Hip Fracture Risk According to Clinical Risk Factors Among Women Aged 70-100 Years in 2001 (N = 1,248)
| Characteristic | Hip Fracture (n = 31)No. (%)* | No Hip Fracture (n = 1,217)No. (%)* | P Exact† | Univariate‡ HR (95% CI) | Multivariate‡ 4 Risk Factors HR (95% CI) | Multivariate‡,§ 11 Risk Factors HR (95% CI) |
| Predefined risk factors | ||||||
| Age 80–100 y | 19 (61) | 470 (39) | .01|| | 2.7 (1.3–5.6)|| | 2.2 (0.99–4.7) | 2.0 (0.9–4.7) |
| Weight <60 kg | 15 (48) | 287 (24) | .005|| | 3.1 (1.5–6.2)|| | 2.4 (1.2–5.0)|| | 2.6 (1.2–5.8)|| |
| Fragility fracture after age 40 y¶,# | 17 (55) | 381 (32) | .01|| | 2.5 (1.3–5.2)|| | 2.3 (1.1–4.7)|| | 2.6 (1.2–5.6)|| |
| Uses arms when rising 5 times from chair | 14 (47) | 348 (30) | .07 | 2.3 (1.1–4.7)|| | 1.7 (0.8–3.6) | 1.5 (0.6–3.7) |
| Fell during last 12 mo | 12 (41) | 385 (33) | .42 | 1.5 (0.7–3.1) | — | 1.0 (0.4–2.3) |
| Other possible risk factors | ||||||
| Any type of fracture after age 40 y# | 19 (61) | 468 (40) | .02|| | 2.4 (1.7–5.0)|| | — | — |
| Use of cortisone medication for >3 mo | 7 (26) | 142 (13) | .07 | 2.4 (1.0–5.6)|| | — | 2.6 (1.1–6.3)|| |
| Has never given birth | 8 (26) | 156 (13) | .054 | 2.4 (1.1–5.4)|| | — | 2.4 (1.0–5.6) |
| Lives in residential care (vs community) | 7 (23) | 116 (10) | .03|| | 3.3 (1.4–7.8)|| | — | 1.8 (0.6–5.0) |
| Height >167 cm | 5 (17) | 178 (15) | .80 | 1.1 (0.4–2.9) | — | 1.2 (0.4–3.5) |
| Dairy calcium intake <500 mg/d | 9 (31) | 368 (31) | 1.00 | 1.0 (0.5–2.2) | — | 1.0 (0.4–2.2) |
| Impaired vision, self-reported (vs good vision) | 8 (26) | 348 (29) | .84 | 0.9 (0.4–2.0) | — | 0.5 (0.2–1.3) |
| History of maternal hip fracture | 4 (15) | 119 (11) | .52 | — | — | — |
| Subjective health poor (vs excellent or fair) | 1 (3) | 119 (10) | .36 | — | — | — |
| Current smoking | 0 (0) | 53 (4) | .64 | — | — | — |
| Daily coffee intake ≥2 cups (vs 0–1 cup) | 28 (93) | 1,010 (84) | .21 | — | — | — |
| Menopausal age <45 y | 4 (18) | 124 (12) | .32 | — | — | — |
| No daily medication** | 2 (6) | 150 (12) | .42 | — | — | — |
| Any parent of non-Nordic origin (vs Nordic)** | 2 (7) | 21 (2) | .10 | — | — | — |
HR = hazard ratio; CI = confidence interval.
* Estimated percentage of participants with valid data for that measure.
† Exact P value according to the Fisher exact test, 2-sided.
‡ Cox regression analysis (for time alive before hip fracture) for participants with valid data and only for variables with cell values greater than 4.
§ The variable “any type of fracture” was excluded from multivariate analysis because it competed with and was highly correlated with “previous fragility fracture.”
|| P <.05
¶ Previous fragility fracture in the hip, lower arm, upper arm, or vertebrae after age 40 years.
# Reported vertebral fractures included from responses to the question about radiographs posed only to the Vislanda population.
** This subgroup had a lower fracture risk in previous studies.