TABLE 4.

Energy density of self-reported dietary components in a 24-h recall from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) I to NHANES 1999–2002¹

Energy density	NHANES I	NHANES II	NHANES III	NHANES 1999–2002	P for trend
All foods and beverages (kcal/g)2
All	0.90 ± 0.006	0.89 ± 0.007	0.90 ± 0.005	0.91 ± 0.01	0.15
Men	0.95 ± 0.008	0.94 ± 0.007	0.93 ± 0.007	0.93 ± 0.01	0.04
Women	0.84 ± 0.007	0.84 ± 0.008	0.88 ± 0.006	0.90 ± 0.01	< 0.0001
All foods and nutritive beverages (kcal/g)
All	1.60 ± 0.01	1.61 ± 0.01	1.67 ± 0.01	1.69 ± 0.02	< 0.0001
Men	1.65 ± 0.01	1.68 ± 0.01	1.72 ± 0.01	1.74 ± 0.02
Women	1.54 ± 0.01	1.55 ± 0.04	1.62 ± 0.01	1.65 ± 0.02
All foods and beverages reported as snacks (kcal/g)3
All	0.89 ± 0.02	0.89 ± 0.02	1.02 ± 0.02	1.32 ± 0.03	< 0.0001
Men	0.85 ± 0.02	0.86 ± 0.02	0.96 ± 0.02	1.28 ± 0.03
Women	0.94 ± 0.02	0.92 ± 0.02	1.08 ± 0.03	1.37 ± 0.03
All foods and beverages reported as breakfast (kcal/g)2,4
All	0.75 ± 0.01	0.78 ± 0.01	0.83 ± 0.01	0.97 ± 0.02	< 0.0001
Men	0.84 ± 0.01	0.86 ± 0.01	0.86 ± 0.01	0.97 ± 0.02	< 0.0001
Women	0.68 ± 0.01	0.71 ± 0.01	0.81 ± 0.02	0.97 ± 0.02	< 0.0001
All foods and beverages reported in the evening (kcal/g)2,5
All	1.10 ± 0.01	1.11 ± 0.01	1.11 ± 0.01	1.22 ± 0.01	< 0.0001
Men	1.12 ± 0.01	1.15 ± 0.01	1.12 ± 0.01	1.22 ± 0.01	0.0001
Women	1.08 ± 0.01	1.08 ± 0.01	1.11 ± 0.01	1.23 ± 0.02	< 0.0001

¹Estimates were derived from regression models with each variable in the table as a continuous outcome; independent variables were sex (in models for all), age, age², race (white, black, other), education (<12 y, 12 y, >12 y), smoking status (never, former, current), any weekly leisure-time physical activity (yes, no), self-reported chronic diseases (diabetes, heart disease, hypertension) (yes, no), BMI (continuous), and survey (NHANES I, NHANES II, NHANES III, NHANES 1999–2002) as trend. The estimates are adjusted $\overline{x}\pm \text{SE}$ from weighted regression models that included respondents with complete covariate information (total n = 37 530; 17 173 men and 20 357 women).

²Interaction of sex by survey was significant, P < 0.05. Sex-specific P values are not given for variables for which the sex-by-survey interaction was not significant.

³Limited to those with complete covariate information among snack reporters (total n = 31869; 14 540 men and 17 329 women).

⁴Limited to those with complete covariate information among breakfast reporters (n = 31 714 all; 14 307 men; 17 407 women).

⁵Limited to those with complete covariate information among evening food intake reporters (total n = 36 107 all; 16 490 men and 19 617 women).