TABLE 5.
The association of food consumption patterns with BMI ≥ 30 from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) I to NHANES 1999–20021
| All | Men | Women | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number of eating episodes | |||
| Model 12 | −0.07 ± 0.01 (<0.0001) | −0.06 ± 0.02 | −0.07 ± 0.02 |
| Model 23 | −0.02 ± 0.01 (0.03) | −0.02 ± 0.02 | −0.03 ± 0.02 |
| Mentioned breakfast | |||
| Model 12,4 | −0.14 ± 0.06 (0.02) | −0.02 ± 0.08 | −0.25 ± 0.08 |
| Model 23,4 | −0.07 ± 0.06 (0.2) | 0.04 ± 0.08 | −0.19 ± 0.08 |
| Percentage of energy consumed in the evening | |||
| Model 12 | −0.0005 ± 0.001 (0.6) | −0.0005 ± 0.001 | −0.0005 ± 0.001 |
| Model 23 | −0.0004 ± 0.001 (0.6) | −0.0005 ± 0.001 | −0.0005 ± 0.001 |
| Mentioned a snack | |||
| Model 12 | −0.10 ± 0.05 (0.06) | −0.10 ± 0.07 | −0.10 ± 0.08 |
| Model 23 | 0.01 ± 0.05 (0.8) | 0.02 ± 0.07 | 0.009 ± 0.08 |
| Number of snacking episodes | |||
| Model 12 | −0.05 ± 0.01 (<0.0001) | −0.05 ± 0.02 | −0.06 ± 0.02 |
| Model 23 | −0.02 ± 0.01 (0.06) | −0.01 ± 0.02 | −0.03 ± 0.02 |
| Amount of reported foods and beverages (kg) | |||
| Model 12 | 0.01 ± 0.02 (0.5) | 0.01 ± 0.02 | 0.01 ± 0.03 |
| Model 23 | 0.15 ± 0.02 (<0.0001) | 0.13 ± 0.03 | 0.19 ± 0.04 |
| Energy density of all reported foods and beverages (kcal/g) | |||
| Model 12 | −0.05 ± 0.06 (0.4) | −0.09 ± 0.09 | −0.04 ± 0.09 |
| Model 23 | 0.24 ± 0.07 (0.0004) | 0.18 ± 0.10 | 0.29 ± 0.10 |
| Energy density of foods and nutritive beverages (kcal/g) | |||
| Model 12 | 0.17 ± 0.03 (<0.0001) | 0.15 ± 0.05 | 0.17 ± 0.04 |
| Model 23 | 0.24 ± 0.03 (<0.0001) | 0.23 ± 0.05 | 0.25 ± 0.03 |
All estimates are β ± SE; P values in parentheses. Estimates were derived from weighted logistic regression models with BMI ≥ 30 as a binary outcome.
Included the independent variables of age, age2, race (white, black, other), education (<12 y, 12 y, >12 y), smoking status (never, former, current), any leisure-time physical activity (yes, no), self-reported chronic diseases (diabetes, heart disease, hypertension) (yes, no), and survey as trend (NHANES I, NHANES II, NHANES III, NHANES 1999–2002).
Included the ratio of energy intake to basal energy expenditure (<1.2 or ≥1.2) in addition to all independent variables in model 1. Both models included respondents with complete covariate information (total n = 37 530; 17 173 men and 20 357 women).
Interaction of sex by mentioned breakfast was significant, P ≤ 0.004. The association of mentioned breakfast with BMI ≥30 was significant in women (model 1: P = 0.0009; model 2: P = 0.01).