Figure 3.

Developmental shifts can mimic the effects of species selection. Simulated trajectories of the numbers of nonplanktonic species relative to the total number of species. Each run started with 50 species with planktonic larvae and one nonplanktonic species and consisted of 100 opportunities for speciation, extinction, or transition of developmental mode. Speciation and extinction probabilities (0.25) are identical for species with each developmental mode and were allowed to independently vary randomly within 10% of the mean probability. Transition probability was set to 0.05 and was allowed to vary randomly within 10% of this value.