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Key enzymatic reactions in the production of lactate by Escherichia coli strains. Enzymes: 1, PEP carboxylase; 2, PEP synthase; 3, lactate dehydrogenase; 4, malic enzyme; 5, pyruvate formate lyase; 6, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex; 7, pyruvate oxidase; 8, acetyl-CoA synthetase; 9, phosphotransacetylase; 10, acetate kinase; 11, alcohol dehydrogenase; 12, fumarate reductase. Double lines indicate mutations present in YYC202. Single lines indicate additional mutations studied.
