Table 3.

Fixed Effects Regression Models^†

	Core Safety Net Hospital		Voluntary Safety Net Hospital		Nonsafety Net Hospital
Variable	Log(UC)	% Expense UC	Log(UC)	% Expense UC	Log(UC)	% Expense UC
Policy variables
Medicare pressure, 1998 year	−0.791	−0.228	−0.641	−0.051	−0.272	−0.009
Medicare pressure, 1999 year	−0.797	−0.206*	0.055	−0.016	0.147	0.003
Medicare pressure, 2000 year	−0.344	−0.209	0.129	0.292	0.188	0.016
Medicaid pressure, 1998 year	−0.306	−0.028	−0.119	0.072	0.029	−0.008
Medicaid pressure, 1999 year	−0.878***	−0.165**	−0.586	0.031	0.476	0.010
Medicaid pressure, 2000 year	−1.341***	−0.283***	−0.993	0.111	−0.107	−0.025
Hospital characteristics
Hospital beds size (in 00s)	0.052***	0.003	0.079***	−0.005	0.063***	−0.001
Number of hi-tech services	−0.029	−0.008	0.021	−0.002	0.006	−0.0000
Public or religious owner	0.259**	0.028*	0.051	0.010	0.039	0.007
System member	−0.059	−0.003	0.120	0.007	0.001	0.001
Network member	−0.057	−0.010	−0.067	−0.003	0.001	0.001
Facility has skilled nursing unit	−0.071	−0.019*	0.019	−0.0001	−0.008
Market measures
Hirschman–Herfindahl index	0.004	−0.028	−0.547	−0.079	0.345*	0.043**
HMO market share	−0.221	−0.075*	−0.436***	−0.051*	0.085	0.007
Proportion of Medicaid population in HMOs	0.159	0.010	0.273	0.007	0.101	0.010
Number of core safety net hospital beds	20.635**	3.480*	0.407	−0.274	−0.573	−0.019
Ratio of FQHC visits to population	2.941	0.343	1.488	−0.704	−2.120***	−0.087
Proportion of population 65+	3.199	0.951	2.655	7.347	−2.256	−0.456
Proportion of population under age 65 who are uninsured	0.902	0.155	−0.013	0.138	0.090	0.028
Proportion of population less than age 17 who are Medicaid eligible	−0.043	−0.006	−0.167*	−0.004	−0.037	−0.002
Year variables
1997	0.0004	−019	0.082***	0.002	0.062***	0.002*
1998	−0.059	0.003	0.115***	0.001	0.095***	0.001
1999	0.088	−0.017	0.178***	0.009	0.162***	0.002
2000	0.111	−0.001	0.237***	0.045	0.232***	0.001
Constant	16.049***	0.027	15.038***	−0.769	14.579***	0.084***

^†Reported results are from robust regression that accounts for nonindependent distribution of errors in hospital clusters.

^*p ≤ .10

^**p ≤ .05

^***p ≤ .01.

HMO, health maintenance organization; FQHC, Federally Qualified Community Health Center.