Table 3.

Associations of Diabetes Process Measures with Performance Measurement Criteria

	Process Measure
Performance Measurement Criterion	Glycemic Control Assessed (N = 5,787) (86%)+	Lipid Profile Assessed (N = 5,626) (69%)+	Proteinuria Assessed (N = 5,852) (78%)+	Dilated Eye Exam (N = 5,851) (79%)+	Foot Exam (N = 5,851) (84%)+	Advised to Take Aspirin (N = 5,850) (55%)+	Influenza Immunization (N = 5,799) (67%)+
Full model
Outpatient utilization or costs	0.94	1.13	0.92	0.98	0.94	0.89	0.93
	(0.78, 1.03)	(1.00, 1.27)	(0.64, 1.14)	(0.87, 1.07)	(0.76, 1.07)	(0.74, 1.03)	(0.78, 1.08)
Quality or patient satisfaction	1.06	0.93	1.25	1.09	1.12	1.17	1.26
	(0.97, 1.22)	(0.77, 1.22)	(1.03, 1.59)	(0.98, 1.25)	(0.99, 1.32)	(1.00, 1.41)	(1.06, 1.54)
Expanded model
Outpatient utilization or costs	0.99	1.13	1.01	1.02	1.01	0.87	1.02
	(0.88, 1.05)	(1.03, 1.24)	(0.87, 1.11)	(0.93, 1.09)	(0.88, 1.08)	(0.71, 1.04)	(0.89, 1.14)
Quality or patient satisfaction	0.99	0.86	1.05	1.00	1.02	1.19	1.06
	(0.90, 1.11)	(0.71, 1.13)	(0.90, 1.25)	(0.89, 1.14)	(0.91, 1.18)	(0.99, 1.48)	(0.90, 1.29)

Notes:

⁺Denotes percentage of study participants receiving the element of care. Figures shown in table are relative risks and 95% simulated confidence intervals based on multilevel logistic regressions with random health plan and provider group intercepts. Bolded estimates denote statistical significance at the 5% level based on three decimal places. The full model controlled for whether the provider group used performance-based payment, indicators for performance measurement criteria, and the strength of the performance incentive and its interactions with the performance measurement criteria. The expanded model added organizational model (MG versus IPA). All regressions adjusted for the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the patients.

FFS, fee-for-service; MG, medical group; IPA, independent practice association.