Figure 3.

Side-by-side comparison of real forensic skin pathology (a, b, d, e, g, h) and benchmark object features (c, f, i): Deep facial abrasion after sliding over a rough surface (a, b) containing various highly reflective surface regions, patchy dark discoloration as well as bumpy appearance. These surface shape elements are represented on a similar scale on the rock surface that we used as benchmark object (c). Superficial abrasions as found in gunshot entry wounds (d, e: arrow) are also present on skull surface (f: arrow) used as benchmark object. Curved (g: arrow) and straight (h: arrow) wound edges as found in stabs from a serrated (g) or straight (h) knife blade are represented by a bony suture of the skull (i: arrow) used as benchmark object (bar 1 cm).