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Possible mechanisms by which virulence (Vir) factors block the HR in bean caused by avr gene activity, which is masked in wild-type Pph. The masked avr genes are designated β. Routes to virulence are via 1) suppression of β avr gene expression; 2) blocking delivery of the encoded β avr protein, or 3) interference with generation of the HR after recognition. By contrast, α avr genes, such as avrPphE, are not affected.
