Figure 1. Alveolar Defect and Reconstruction with Tissue Engineering.

Patient (male, 20 years) has lost his upper left incisor during an accident. The alveolar defect was reconstructed with tissue engineering techniques.

(A) Radiograph of the significant alveolar defect as a result of the accident.

(B) Radiograph of the defect reconstructed with ceramic scaffold (HA) covered with cultured MSCs (white arrow).

(C) Radiograph; four months later a dental implant was installed.

(D) Intra-oral view; arrow points to the crown, which was fixated on the implant.