TABLE 1.
Strains and plasmids used in this study
| Strain category and species (no. of strains) or plasmid | Strain no., antibiotic resistance phenotype, or antibiotic resistance gene (source or reference) |
|---|---|
| Starter strainsa and their use for | |
| production of: | |
| Cheese | |
| Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis (11) | BFE 7400 to BFE 7410 |
| Lactococcus lactis subsp. diacetylis (5) | BFE 7411 to BFE 7415 |
| Leuconostoc mesenteroides | BFE 7416 |
| Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides | BFE 7417 |
| Yogurt | |
| Streptococcus thermophilus (11) | BFE 7418 to BFE 7428 |
| Lactobacillus acidophilus (1) | BFE 7429 |
| Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. | |
| bulgaricus (2) | BFE 7430, BFE 7431 |
| Lactobacillus helveticus (1) | BFE 7432 |
| Sausage | |
| Lactobacillus plantarum (2) | BFE 7433, BFE 7440 |
| Pediococcus acidilactici (1) | BFE 7434 |
| Lactobacillus curvatus (1) | BFE 7435 |
| Pediococcus pentosaceus (1) | BFE 7436 |
| Lactobacillus pentosus (1) | BFE 7437 |
| Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis (1) | BFE 7439 |
| Probiotic strains | |
| Lactobacillus farciminis (1) | BFE 7438 |
| Lactobacillus salivarius (1) | BFE 7441 |
| Lactobacillus rhamnosus (1) | BFE 7442 |
| Lactobacillus acidophilus (1) | BFE 7444 |
| Lactobacillus casei (1) | BFE 7445 |
| Control strains for antibiotic | |
| resistance study | |
| E. faecium FAIR-E 25b | Penr Cmr Tetr Eryr Cir (19)c |
| E. faecalis FAIR-E 85 | Penr Cmr Tetr Eryr Cir Smr Gmr |
| E. faecalis FAIR-E 260 | Penr Cmr Tetr Eryr Cir Gmr |
| E. faecalis FAIR-E 265 | Cmr Tetr Eryr Cir Smr Gmr |
| L. lactis MG1363 | lmrA+ |
| Plasmids | |
| pMG36e | ermB (48) |
| pUC19 | bla (New England Biolabs) |
a
Starters were obtained from a major commercial starter strain producer and deposited in our BFE collection.
b
The enterococci were derived from the EU study Enterococci in Food Fermentations (FAIR-CT97-3078). The FAIR-E culture collection is administered by the BCCM/LMG (Bacteria Collection of the Laboratory of Microbiology, University of Ghent).
c
Penr, penicillin resistant; Cmr, chloramphenicol resistant; Tetr, tetracycline resistant; Eryr, erythromycin resistant; Cir, ciprofloxacin resistant; Smr, streptomycin resistant; Gmr, gentamicin resistant.