TABLE 3.
Antibiotic resistances of lactic acid bacteria starter strains used for the manufacture of fermented sausages and of probiotic strains
| Product and starter strain | EUC antibiotic resistance (MIC [μg/ml])a
|
(Multiple) resistances
|
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Am (DW = 4)b | PG (DW = 4) | Em (DW = 1, 2, or 4) | Cl (DW = 16) | Te (DW 4, 8, or 64) | Ci (DW = >32) | Gm (DW = >128) | Sm (DW = >256) | EUC | DW | Genotype | |
| Sausage | |||||||||||
| L. plantarum BFE 7433 | 0.38 | 32 | 1 | 2 | 4 | >32 | >256 | >256 | Ci, Gm, Sm, PG | PG, Ci, Gm, Sm | |
| P. acidilactici BFE 7434 | 2 | 0.25 | 1 | 2 | 16 | >32 | 128 | >256 | Te, Ci, Gm, Sm | Te, Ci, Gm, Sm | cat |
| L. curvatus BFE 7435 | 0.38 | 0.19 | 1 | 1 | 1 | >32 | >256 | >256 | Ci, Gm, Sm | Ci, Gm, Sm, Em | |
| P. pentosaceus BFE 7436 | 4 | 0.75 | 1 | 2 | 16 | >32 | >256 | >256 | Am, Te, Ci, Gm, Sm | Am, Te, Ci, Gm, Sm | |
| L. pentosus BFE 7437 | 2 | 1 | 1.5 | 4 | 12 | >32 | >256 | >256 | Ci, Cl, Gm, Sm, Te | Ci, Gm, Sm | |
| Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis BFE 7439 | 0.38 | 0.25 | 0.38 | 1 | 0.38 | >32 | 24 | >256 | Ci, Gm, Sm | Ci, Sm | |
| L. plantarum BFE 7440 | 0.38 | 8 | 1.5 | 12 | 16 | >32 | >256 | >256 | PG, Cl, Ci, Gm, Sm | PG, Te, Ci, Gm, Sm | |
| Probiotic strains | |||||||||||
| L. farciminis BFE 7438 | 0.38 | 0.25 | 0.38 | 1.5 | 1.5 | >32 | 128 | >256 | Ci, Gm, Sm | Ci, Gm, Sm | |
| L. salivarius BFE 7441 | 0.38 | 0.19 | >256 | 0.5 | 1.5 | >32 | 64 | >256 | Em, Ci, Gm, Sm | Em, Ci, Sm | ermB |
| L. rhamnosus BFE 7442 | 0.25 | 0.19 | 0.38 | 2 | 0.38 | 6 | 96 | 64 | Ci, Gm, Sm | - | |
| L. acidophilus BFE 7444 | 1 | 0.19 | 1.5 | 2 | 0.38 | 16 | 128 | >256 | Ci, Gm, Sm | Gm, Sm | |
| L. casei BFE 7445 | 1 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 0.38 | >32 | >256 | >256 | Ci, Gm, Sm | Ci, Gm, Sm | |
The EU Commission (EUC) breakpoint values as suggested by SCAN (10) and FEEDAP (41) or according to Danielsen and Wind (8) (DW) are given. For ciprofloxacin (Ci) the SCAN breakpoint value of 4 μg/ml was used for all strains except pediococci, for which 16 μg/ml was used. Breakpoints for ciprofloxacin or penicillin G (PG) were not suggested by FEEDAP. The FEEDAP breakpoints (superseding previous SCAN breakpoints) were as follows: ampicillin (Am) and erythromycin (Em), 4 μg/ml for all strains in this study; gentamicin (Gm), 8 μg/ml for obligately homofermentative lactobacilli (HFLB), L. lactis, and S. thermophilus strains, 4 μg/ml for Pediococcus and Leuconostoc spp., and 64 μg/ml for L. plantarum strains; streptomycin (Sm), 4 μg/ml for Pediococcus spp., 8 μg/ml for Leuconostoc spp., 16 μg/ml for L. lactis and S. thermophilus strains and for HFLB, and 64 μg/ml for L. plantarum strains; tetracycline (Te), 4 μg/ml for Pediococcus and Leuconostoc spp., as well as for L. lactis and S. thermophilus strains, 8 μg/ml for HFLB and 32 μg/ml for L. plantarum strains; chloramphenicol (Cl), 4 μg/ml for Pediococcus and Leuconostoc spp. and for HFLB and 8 μg/ml for L. lactis, S. thermophilus, and L. plantarum strains. Species-specific MIC breakpoints were defined by Danielsen and Wind (8) as follows: for erythromycin, 1 μg/ml for L. acidophilus, L. sakei, and L. curvatus, 2 μg/ml for L. paracasei and L. rhamnosus, and 4 μg/ml for L. plantarum and L. pentosus; for tetracycline, 4 μg/ml for L. paracasei, L. acidophilus, and L. rhamnosus, 8 μg/ml for L. sakei and L. curvatus, and 64 μg/ml for L. plantarum and L. pentosus.
For pediococci the SCAN (10) MIC breakpoint was stipulated to be 32 μg/ml for streptomycin, 4 μg/ml for gentamicin, and 16 μg/ml for ciprofloxacin.