Table 2.
Corynebacterium endocarditis: risk factors and outcomes by Corynebacterium species.
| Species & references | Number of cases† (% total) |
Mean age (years) |
Male n (%) |
Left sided Endocarditis‡ n (%) |
Previous prosthetic valve n (%) |
Previous valvular disease§ n (%) |
Nosocomial risk factors|| n (%) |
Required valve replacement n (%) |
Survived n(%) |
| Non-toxigenic C. diphtheriae 5, 20, 22, 24–26, 27, 32, 46, 48–52, 54, 62, 63, 65, 66, 68, 78, 94 | 60 (46.5%) | 56 ± 13.8 p = 0.012 |
45 (75%) | 58 (95.1%) | 8 (13.3%) | 17 (28.3%) | 1 (1.7%) p = 0.017 |
17 (28.3%) | 39 (65%) p = 0.060 |
| C. pseudo-diphtheriticum 18, 20, 36–38, 40, 42–45, 81, 83 | 18 (14.0%) | 45 ± 21.32 | 17 (93.8%) p = 0.023 |
18 (100%) | 8 (44.4%) p = 0.004 |
6 (33.3%) | 0 (0%) | 6 (37.5%) | 6 (33.3%) p = 0.032 |
| Toxigenic C. diphtheriae 23, 27, 29, 49, 64, 66 | 14 (10.9%) | 17.5 ± 16.5 p < 0.001 |
8 (57.1%) | 12 (85.7%) | 1 (7.1%) | 2 (14.3%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) *p = 0.014 |
2 (14.3%) p = 0.001 |
| C. striatum 6, 7, 9–15, 53, 56, 62 | 14 (10.9%) | 61.3 ± 13.9 p = 0.018 |
7 (50%) | 12 (85.7%) | 3 (21.4%) | 4 (28.6%) | 5 (35.7%) p < 0.001 |
4 (28.6%) | 11 (78.6%) p = 0.074 |
| C. jeikeium 6, 16, 19, 25, 34, 35, 69, 79, 93 | 13 (10.1%) | 57.2 ± 13.6 p = 0.024 |
10 (76.9%) | 12 (92.3%) | 5 (38.5%) p = 0.064 |
6 (42.6%) | 3 (23.1%) p = 0.028 |
7 (53.8%) p = 0.026 |
10 (76.9%) |
| C. xerosis 59, 75, 82, 95 | 4 (3.1%) | 51.2 ± 12.3 | 3 (75%) | 4 (100%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (50%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (50%) | 2 (50%) |
| C. hemolyticum 77, 80 | 2 (1.6%) | 68.5 ± 26.1 | 2 (100%) | 2 (100%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (50%) | 1 (50%) p = 0.024 |
0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| C. minutissimum 86, 91 | 2 (1.6%) | 35.5 ± 6.3 | 1 (50%) | 2 (100%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (50%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (100%) |
| C amycolatum 6, 60 | 2 (1.6%) | 81 ± 9.8 | 0 (0%) p = 0.024 |
2 (100%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (50%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (50%) |
| Total | 129 (100%) | 35.7 ± 22.9 | 93 (72.1%) | 123 (94.6%) | 25 (19.3%) | 40 (31.0%) | 10 (7.7%) | 36 (27.9%) | 73 (56.6%) |
*Data derived from References 2–97 (specific citations listed in by-species citations, column 1). All p values are compared to the mean.
† Percentages of the total number of cases (within column 2). Note: All other percentages represent values for each Corynebacterium species (percentage within each row).
‡ Left sided endocarditis: Aortic or mitral valve endocarditis.
§Previous valvular disease other than valve replacement.
|| Nosocomial risk factors: presence of an intravascular access device, dialysis fistula, pacemaker, or presence of a prosthetic device other than a valve