TABLE 2—
Domain-Specific Bivariate Relations Between Independent Variables and Presence of a Syringe Exchange Program (SEP): 96 Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs), 2000
| Category and Variablea | Mean in MSA | Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | Pb |
| Need | |||
| No. of injection drug users per 1000 population (1993) | 1.07 (0.970, 1.175) | .180 | |
| With SEP | 9.24 | ||
| Without SEP | 8.04 | ||
| No. of AIDS cases among injection drug users per 1000 users (1993) | 1.07 (1.017, 1.124) | .093 | |
| With SEP | 14.73 | ||
| Without SEP | 9.51 | ||
| Presence of anti-OTC syringe laws | 2.20 (0.946, 5.117) | .067 | |
| With SEP | 0.46 | ||
| Without SEP | 0.28 | ||
| Resource availability | |||
| No. of drug treatment slots per 10 000 population (1992) | 1.09 (0.440, 2.709) | .850 | |
| With SEP | 0.78 | ||
| Without SEP | 0.76 | ||
| No. of hospitals per 10 000 population with specialized HIV/AIDS services (1992) | 1.05 (0.930, 1.185) | .433 | |
| With SEP | 14.36 | ||
| Without SEP | 13.81 | ||
| No. of medical and public health researchers per 10 000 population (1990) | 2.13 (1.116, 4.082) | .022 | |
| With SEP | 1.03 | ||
| Without SEP | 0.53 | ||
| No. of medical and public health teaching professionals per 10 000 population (1990) | 1.36 (0.683, 2.717) | .380 | |
| With SEP | 1.10 | ||
| Without SEP | 0.99 | ||
| Institutional opposition | |||
| No. of hard drug arrests per 10 000 population (1993) | 1.04 (1.001, 1.070) | .040 | |
| With SEP | 18.24 | ||
| Without SEP | 12.01 | ||
| No. of police employees per 10 000 population (1993) | 1.03 (0.983, 1.076) | .226 | |
| With SEP | 29.18 | ||
| Without SEP | 26.76 | ||
| Organized or potential support | |||
| No. of MSM per 1000 population (1993) | 1.31 (1.100, 1.550) | .002 | |
| With SEP | 11.62 | ||
| Without SEP | 9.15 | ||
| No. of AIDS cases among MSM per 1000 MSM (1993) | 1.04 (0.986, 1.088) | .162 | |
| With SEP | 17.92 | ||
| Without SEP | 15.51 | ||
| Presence of outreach efforts | 4.54 (1.897, 10.886) | .007 | |
| With SEP | 0.59 | ||
| Without SEP | 0.24 | ||
| Presence of ACT UP chapter | 29.80 (3.775, 235.106) | .001 | |
| With SEP | 0.38 | ||
| Without SEP | 0.02 | ||
| No. of methadone maintenance programsb per 1 million population (1989) | 1.66 (1.189, 2.343) | .003 | |
| With SEP | 3.10 | ||
| Without SEP | 1.73 | ||
| Socioeconomic and demographic factors (1990) | |||
| MSA population in 100 000s | 1.09 (1.031, 1.155) | .003 | |
| With SEP | 22.21 | ||
| Without SEP | 11.17 | ||
| Black, % | 0.99 (0.945, 1.04) | .788 | |
| With SEP | 11.55 | ||
| Without SEP | 12.05 | ||
| Black residential segregation dissimilarity index | 1.02 (0.981, 1.052) | .382 | |
| With SEP | 65.75 | ||
| Without SEP | 63.67 | ||
| Black–White median income ratio | 0.14 (0.019, 1.029) | .053 | |
| With SEP | 0.63 | ||
| Without SEP | 0.71 | ||
| Black–White unemployment ratio | 0.97 (0.736, 1.277) | .825 | |
| With SEP | 2.78 | ||
| Without SEP | 2.85 | ||
| Hispanic, % | 1.02 (0.982, 1.049) | .392 | |
| With SEP | 10.67 | ||
| Without SEP | 8.45 | ||
| Hispanic residential segregation dissimilarity index | 1.05 (1.016, 1.094) | .005 | |
| With SEP | 45.20 | ||
| Without SEP | 38.04 | ||
| Hispanic–White median income ratio | 0.19 (0.033, 0.578) | .067 | |
| With SEP | 0.73 | ||
| Without SEP | 0.90 | ||
| Hispanic–White unemployment ratio | 0.97 (0.639, 1.477) | .893 | |
| With SEP | 2.09 | ||
| Without SEP | 2.11 | ||
| Unemployment rate, % | 1.12 (0.845, 1.478) | .437 | |
| With SEP | 5.98 | ||
| Without SEP | 5.75 | ||
| Population below poverty level, % | 0.96 (0.854, 1.074) | .459 | |
| With SEP | 11.06 | ||
| Without SEP | 11.60 | ||
| Population with college education, % | 1.22 (1.100, 1.361) | .001 | |
| With SEP | 24.44 | ||
| Without SEP | 20.08 | ||