Fig. 2.

Lipoic acid inhibits LPS-induced NF-κB DNA binding activity in human monocytic THP-1 cells. Cells were serum-starved for 2 h and then incubated without or with 200 nM WM for 30 min, followed by incubation without or with the indicated concentrations of LA for 1 h and then 1 μg/ml LPS for an additional hour. After treatment, nuclear extracts were prepared and NF-κB (p65) DNA binding activity was quantified by ELISA. Data shown are means ± SEM of three independent experiments. *, P < 0.05 compared with cells treated with LPS only; #, P < 0.05 compared with cells treated with WM plus LPS.