Table 1.

Comparison of yield stress, activation volume, and strain-rate sensitivity between experimental measurements and atomistic calculation

		Yield stress	Activation volume v*	Strain-rate sensitivity m
Nano-twinned copper	Uniaxial tension [Lu04]	≈1 GPa
	Nanoindentation [Lu05]	>700 MPa†	12–22b3	0.025–0.036
	Atomistic calculation	780 MPa	24–44b3	0.013–0.023
Diffusion-controlled processes			≈0.1b3	≈1
Bulk forest hardening		$\approx \mu b\sqrt{{\rho }_{\text{bulk}}}$	100–1,000b3	0–0.005

^†Extracted from measured hardness H as H/3.