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The extent of DNA compaction depends on sequence determinants in the upstream region of the promoter and on αCTD. Contour length distributions of DNA in the absence (hatched bars; top) and presence (grey bars; bottom) of RNAP, from experiments with promoter derivatives having substituted upstream regions (A–C) and with RNAP derivatives lacking both αCTDs (D–F). Apparent DNA compaction is presented as mean±s.e.m. αCTD, α-subunit carboxy-terminal domain; RNAP, RNA polymerase.
